Longman Phrasal Verbs Dictionary gives good reference. I cannot think of another one at this moment.
I guess dictionaries specializing in phrasal verbs are hard to come by, since lexicographers usually just put phrasal verbs under their related main entries.
You would find it helpful if you go through the definitions of common verbs and prepositions, get to the bottom of their underlying meanings, and try to decouple them from the fixed Chinese translation you had in mind.
Don't bite off more than you can chew though. It takes quite some time before you can be really at home with phrasal verbs.
请看这里:‘There are about six main types of collocations: adjective+noun, noun+noun (such as collective nouns), verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb+adverb.’, excerpted from wikipedia.