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本帖最后由 sunsmile23 于 2015-3-7 11:47 编辑
Practical English Usage 《牛津英语用法指南》是ESL, EFL中级学习者日常最有用的英语用法书之一。
非英语国家的人在学习和使用英语中常会遇到许多问题，有时候在理论上似乎弄懂了，但在实际运用时又会出错。《牛津英语用法指南》正是着重解决学英语的人在英语习惯用法、词义辨析、语音、语法、文体修辞、英国英语和美国英语的重大区别、某些基本常识（如称呼、写信、报纸标题）等方面遇到的实际问题。
《牛津英语用法指南》是一本由牛津大学出版社最新出版的英语用法专著。书中对经常使学英语的外国学生感到困难的问题做了解释。如果一个学生在使用英语中犯了错误，想知道错在哪里，如果一个教师想为一个语法或词汇难题找到明确的解释，都可以在本书中查找到正确的答案。
本书不同于一般的英语语法教程，在编排体例上采用条目按字母顺序排列，书后附有条目索引，因此更像一本词典。作者在编写此书时力求实用，每个条目都有解释、正确的例句、有些还举出典型的错误例句，供学习使用者对照。书中对语言难点的解释使用的是平易的现代英语，例语例句丰富多样，反映了英美的现实生活，语言难点的程度由浅到深，适合各种水平的学习者使用。因此，这确实是一本十分实用的现代英语用法参考指南。不失为英语学习者手头必备之参考工具书。
PEU并不是系统语法书，而是一个个(第三版共634个)独立成章的大大小小的主题。有些主题讲解非常全面。例如：
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see, watch and hear
After these verbs, the difference between object + -ing form and object + infinitive is like the difference between progressive and simple tenses. With -ing forms the verbs suggest that one pays attention to events or actions that are already going on; infinitives usually refer to complete events/actions which are seen/heard from beginning to end. (Note that these verbs are followed by the infinitive without to.) Compare:
–I looked out of the window and saw Mary crossing the road.
I saw Mary cross the road and disappear into the post office.
–As I passed his house I heard him practising the piano.
I once heard Brendel play all the Beethoven concertos.
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see, watch 和 hear
在这类动词之后，宾语+-ing形式和宾语+动词不定式的区别与进行时态和一般时态的区别相类似。与-ing形式连用，动词表示注意到事情 或行动已在进行;动词不定式通常表示看到或听到事情/行动的全过程。 (请注意：这类动词之后跟不带to的动词不定式。）试比较：
—I looked out of the window and saw Mary crossing the road. 我往窗外看去，看见玛丽横穿街道。
I saw Mary step off the pavement, cross the road and disappear into the post office. 我看见玛丽走下人行道,穿过大街，消失在邮局里。
—As I passed his house I heard him practising the piano. 我走过他的房子时，听见他在练习弹钢琴。
I once heard Brendel play all the Beethoven concertos. 有一次我听见布伦德尔弹奏贝多芬的全部协奏曲。
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advise, allow, permit and forbid
In active clauses after these verbs, we use an -ing form if there is no object. If there is an object we use an infinitive. Compare:
–I wouldn’t advise taking the car – there’s nowhere to park.
I wouldn’t advise you to take the car …
–We don’t allow/permit smoking in the lecture room.
We don’t allow/permit people to smoke in the lecture room.
–The headmistress has forbidden singing in the corridors.
The headmistress has forbidden children to sing …
Note the corresponding passive structures.
–Smoking is not allowed/permitted in the lecture room.
People are not allowed/permitted to smoke in the lecture room.
–Singing is forbidden.
Children are forbidden to sing.
–Early booking is advised.
Passengers are advised to book early.
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advise, allow, permit和 forbid
在主动句中，在这些动词之后，如果没有宾语，就用-ing形式，如果有宾 语，就用动词不定式。试比较:
—I wouldn't advise taking the car 一there's nowhere to park. 我看不要开车去——没有停车的地方。
I wouldn't advise you to take the car . . . 我劝你不要开车去......
—We don't allow/permit smoking in the lecture room. 我们不允许在大教室抽烟。
We don t allow/permit people to smoke in the lecture room. 我们不允许人们在大教室抽烟。
—The headmistress has forbidden singing in the corridors. 女校长禁止在走廊里唱歌。
The headmistress has forbidden children to sing ... 女校长禁止孩子们在……唱歌。
请注意相应的被动结构。
—Smoking is not allowed/permitted in the lecture room. 大教室里禁止吸烟。
People are not allowed/permitted to smoke in the lecture room. 大教室里不许人们吸烟。
—Singing is forbidden.禁止唱歌。
Children are forbidden to sing.禁止孩子们唱歌。
—Early booking is advised.建议及早订票。
Passengers are advised to book early.建议旅客及早订票。
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there is
1 use
In sentences which say that something exists (or does not exist) somewhere, we usually use there as a kind of preparatory subject, and put the real subject after the verb. Note the pronunciation of there: usually /ðə(r)/, not /ðeə(r)/.
There’s a hole in my tights. (More natural than A hole is in my tights.)
There’s ice on the lake. (More natural than Ice is on the lake.)
It cannot be used in this way.
There is a lot of noise in the street. (NOT It is a lot of noise in the street.)
There are is used with plural subjects.
I don’t know how many people there are in the waiting room. (NOT … how many people there is …)
However, there’s can begin sentences with plural subjects in informal speech.
There’s two policemen at the door, Dad.
There’s some grapes in the fridge, if you’re still hungry.
2 indefinite subjects
We use there in this way particularly with subjects that have indefinite articles, no article, or indefinite determiners like some, any, no; and with indefinite pronouns like somebody, nothing.
There are some people outside.
There were no footsteps to be seen.
Is there anybody at home?
There was dancing in the streets.
There’s something worrying me.
Note the use of wrong and the matter.
There’s something wrong.
Is there anything the matter?
Note also the structures with sense, point, use and need.
There’s no sense in making him angry.
Is there any point in talking about it again?
Do you think there’s any use trying to explain?
There’s no need to hurry – we’ve got plenty of time.
3 all tenses
There can be used in this way with all tenses of be.
Once upon a time there were three wicked brothers.
There has never been anybody like you.
There will be snow on high ground.
And there can be used in question tags.
There’ll be enough for everybody, won’t there?
4 structures with auxiliary be
There can also be used in structures where be is a progressive or passive auxiliary. Note the word order.
There was a girl water-skiing on the lake. (= A girl was water-skiing …) (NOT There was water-skiing a girl …)
There have been more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars since 1900. (= More Americans have been killed …) (NOT There have been killed more Americans…)
There’ll be somebody meeting you at the airport.
5 more complex structures
There can be used with modal verb + be, and with some other verbs (e.g. seem, appear, happen, tend) before to be.
There might be drinks if you wait for a bit.
There must be somebody at home – ring again.
If the police hadn’t closed the road there could have been a bad accident.
There seem to be some problems. (NOT There seems to be …)
Could you be quiet? There happens to be a lecture going on.
There tends to be jealousy when a new little brother or sister comes along.
Note also the structure there is certain/sure/likely/bound to be.
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter.
Do you think there’s likely to be snow?
Infinitives (there to be) and -ing forms (there being) are also used.
I don’t want there to be any more trouble.
What’s the chance of there being an election this year?
6 other verbs
In a formal or literary style, some other verbs can be used with there besides be. These are mostly verbs which refer to states or arrivals.
In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker.
There remains nothing more to be done.
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.
There followed an uncomfortable silence.
7 definite subjects
There is not normally used in a sentence with a definite subject (e.g. a noun with a definite article, or a proper name).
The door was open. (NOT There was the door open.)
James was at the party. (NOT There was James at the party.)
One exception to this is when we simply name people or things, in order to draw attention to a possible solution to a problem.
Who could we ask? ~ Well, there’s James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue, …
Where can he sleep? ~ Well, there’s always the attic.
Another apparent exception is in stories that begin There was this …, when this has an indefinite sense.
There was this man, see, and he couldn’t get up in the mornings. So he …
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there is
1 用法
在句子表明某事物存在(或不存在）于某地的情况下，我们用there作为一种先行主语，而把真正的主语放在动词后面。
There's a hole in my lights. . 我的紧身裤上有个洞。（比A hole is in my tights更为自然。）
There's ice on the lake. 湖上有冰。（比Ice is on the lake更为自然。）
在这种情况下，不能用it。
There is a lot of noise in the street.街上喧闹声很大。(不能说：It is a lot of noise in the street. )
there are用于复数主语。
I don't know how many people there are in the waiting room. 我不知道在接待室 里有多少人。(不能说：...how many people there is...)
不过，在非正式讲话中，there也常用于复数主语的前面。
There's two policemen at the door, Dad.爸爸，门口有两个警察。
There's some grapes in the fridge, if you're still hungry. 要是你还饿的话，冰箱里有些葡萄。
2 不定主语
there 的这种用法特别用于带不定冠词、不带冠词或带some, any, no之类不定限定词的主语，以及用于somebody, nothing之类的不定代词。
There are some people outside. 外面有几个人。
There were no footsteps to be seen. 看不见有什么脚印。
Is there anybody at home?家里有人吗？
There's something worrying me. 有些事让我着急。
请注意：something, anything和nothing后面可以加wrong和the matter。
There's something wrong. 出事儿了。
Is there anything the matter?出什么事了吗？
还请注意：这一用法可以与sense, point, use和need连用。
There's no sense in making him angry.惹他生气是没有道理的。
Is there any point in talking about it again?此事还有必要再谈吗？
Do you think there s any use trying to explain?你认为设法解释会有什么用吗？
There s no need to hurry—we ve got plenty of time. 没有必要急匆匆——我们有足够的时间。
3 各种时态
there可以这样与be的各种时态连用。
Once upon a time there were three wicked brothers.从前有哥儿仨,都非常坏。
There has never been anybody like you. 从来还没有像你这样的人。
There will be snow on high ground.在高地上将会有雪。
there也可以用在疑问尾句中。
There'll be enough for everybody, won't there?大家都能分得到吧？
4 与助动词be连用的结构
there也可以用在以be作为进行时或被动语态助动词的结构里。请注 意词序。
There was a girl water-skiing on the lake. ( = A girl was water-skiing.. .) 一个女 孩子在湖上滑水。(不能说：There was water-skiing a girl... )
There have been more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars since 1900. (= More Americans have been killed . .. )
自1900年以来,在交通事故中死去的美国人比在所有战争中死去的美国人还 多。(不能说= There have been killed more Americans...)
There'll be somebody meeting you at the airport. 会有人在机场接你。
5 更复杂的结构
there 可以与情态动词+ be连用，也可以与其他动词（如seem, appear, happen, tend)连用，后面加to be。
There might be drinks if you wait for a bit.如果你等一会儿,可能会有饮料。
There must be somebody at home——ring again.家里肯定有人——再按一下铃。
If the police hadn't closed the road there could have been a bad accident.要不是警 方关闭了道路,本来会发生严重车祸的。
There seem to be some problems. 看来有些问题.(不能说：There seems to be...)
Could you be quiet? There happens to be a lecture going on.你安静点儿，好吗？碰巧有人正在作报告。
There tends to be jealousy when a new little brother or sister comes along.当一个小 弟弟或小妹妹来到人世时,往往会引起忌妒。
还请注意这一结构：there is certain/sure/likely/bound to be。
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter.在她收到他的信时，肯定会有麻烦。
Do you think there's likely to be snow?你认为有可能下雪吗？
there 还可以带动词不定式(there to be)或带-ing形式(there being) 。
I don't want there to be any more trouble.我不想再有任何麻烦了。
What's the chance of there being an election this year? 今年举行选举的可能性有多大？
6 其他动词
在正式文体或书面体中，除be之外还有一些其他动词可以与there连 用。这些动词是表示状态的，或用来表示某人的到达或某事的发生。
In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker. 在德国的一座小镇里，曾经住着一个穷苦的鞋匠。
There remains nothing more to be done.没有什么别的事可做了。
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.突然进来一个浑身黑色衣饰的奇怪家伙。
There followed an uncomfortable silence.接着是一阵令人难以忍受的沉默。
7 肯定的主语
在句子有肯定的主语（如带定冠词的名词或专有名词）时，一般不用 there。
The door was open. 门开着。(不能说：There was the door open.)
James was at the party.詹姆斯参加聚会了。 (不能说：There was James at the party.)
有一种情况例外：如果我们只提人或物的名字，以便把注意力引到对问 题可能采取的解决办法上，可以使用there。
"Who could we ask?""'Well, there's James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue,..." "我们问谁呢?""我看，问詹姆斯,或米兰达,或安,或休，……"
"Where can he sleep?""Well, there's always the attic.""他能睡在哪儿呢?""嗯，总有阁楼可睡。"
另一个明显的例外是：在以There was this...开始的故事中this的含义不肯定。
There was this man, see, and he couldn't get up in the mornings. So he. ... 有这么 一个人，懂吗，他早上起不来。所以他…… |
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发表于 2015-2-19 10:38:52
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