|
|
2楼
楼主 |
发表于 2016-7-21 15:30:16
|
只看该作者
词典中有些符号不容易看懂，见下方说明：
Following are annotated examples of output. Examination of these will give a good idea of the system. The present version may not match these examples exactly - things are changing - but the principle is there. A recent modification is the output of dictionary forms or 'principal parts' (shown below for some examples).
=>agricolarum
agricol.arum N 1 1 GEN P M
agricola, agricolae N M [XAXBO]
farmer, cultivator, gardener, agriculturist; plowman, countryman, peasant;
This is a simple first declension noun, and a unique interpretation. The '1 1' means it is first declension, with variant 1. This is an internal coding of the program, and may not correspond exactly with the grammatical numbering. The 'N' means it is a noun. It is the form for genitive (GEN), plural ('P'). The stem is masculine (M). The stem is given as 'agricol' and the ending is 'arum'. The stem is normal in this case, but is a product of the program, and may not always correspond to conventional usage.
On the next line is given the expansion of the form that one might find in a paper dictionary, the nominitive and genitive (agricola, agricolae). The [XAXBO] is an internal code of the program and is documented below as Dictionary Codes. Several codes are associated with each dictionary entry (presently AGE, AREA, GEO, FREQ, SOURCE). These provide some information to enhance the interpretation of the dictionary entry. In this case, the interesting piece is the B, which signifies that this word is found frequently in texts, in the top 10 percent. The O says it has been verified in the Oxford Latin Dictionary. The A says it is an agrigultural word.
The declension/conjugation numbers for nouns and verbs are essentially arbitary (but will be familiar to Latin students). The variants are complete inventions. They have no real meaning, just codes for the program.
(In the case of adjectives, they are even more arbitary, although a Latin student might see how I came by them. Again they are only codes for the program. The initial release of the program did not put these out, but there is some interest on the part of students, so they are now included. The user may ignore them altogether. There is no relation between the declension/variant codes of a noun and the accompaning adjective. They only agree in case, number, and gender (NOM S N), which are listed in the output.)
=>feminae
femin.ae N 1 1 GEN S F
femin.ae N 1 1 DAT S F
femin.ae N 1 1 NOM P F
femin.ae N 1 1 VOC P F
femina, feminae N F [XXXAX]
woman; female;
This word has several possible interpretations in case and number (Singular and Plural). The gender is Feminine. Presumably, the user can examine the adjoining words and reduce the set of possibilities.
=>cornu
corn.u N 4 1 ABL S F
cornus, cornus N F [XXXCO]
cornel-cherry-tree (Cornus mas); cornel wood; javelin (of cornel wood);
corn.u N 4 2 NOM S N
corn.u N 4 2 DAT S N
corn.u N 4 2 ABL S N
corn.u N 4 2 ACC S N
cornu, cornus N N [XXXAO]
horn; hoof; beak/tusk/claw; bow; horn/trumpet; end, wing of army; mountain top;
*
Here is an example of another declension and two variants. The Masculine (and few Feminine) (-us) nouns of the declension are '4 1' and the Neuter (-u) nouns are coded as '4 2'. This word has both. The horn parse is very frequent (A), while the cornel option (C) is less so but still common.
=>ego
ego PRON 5 1 NOM S C
[XXXAX]
I, me; myself;
A pronoun is much like a noun. The gender is common (C), that is, it may be masculine or feminine. For some odd words, especially including pronouns, there is no dictionary form given.
=>illud
ill.ud PRON 6 1 NOM S N
ill.ud PRON 6 1 ACC S N
ille, illa, illud PRON [XXXAX]
that; those (pl.); also DEMONST; that person/thing; the well known; the former;
*
The asterisk means that there are other, less probable forms which have been trimmed, but which may be recovered by running with the TRIM parameter reset.
=>hic
h.ic PRON 3 1 NOM S M
hic, haec, hoc PRON [XXXAX]
this; these (pl.); also DEMONST;
hic ADV POS
hic ADV [XXXCX]
here, in this place; in the present circumstances;
In this case there is a adjectival/demonstrative pronoun, or it may be an adverb. The POS means that the comparison of the adverb is positive.
=>bonum
bon.um N 2 1 ACC S M
bonus, boni N M [XXXCO]
good/moral/honest/brave man; man of honor, gentleman; better/rich people (pl.);
bon.um N 2 2 NOM S N
bon.um N 2 2 ACC S N
bonum, boni N N [XXXAO]
good, good thing, profit, advantage; goods (pl.), possessions, wealth, estate;
bon.um ADJ 1 1 NOM S N POS
bon.um ADJ 1 1 ACC S M POS
bon.um ADJ 1 1 ACC S N POS
bonus, bona -um, melior -or -us, optimus -a -um ADJ [XXXAO]
good, honest, brave, noble, kind, pleasant, right, useful; valid; healthy;
*
Here we have an adjective, but it might also be a noun. The interpretation of the adjective says that it is POSitive, and that is the meaning listed, as is the convention for all dictionaries. The user must generate form this the meanings for other comparisons. Check the comparison value before deciding on the real meaning. Again, there is an asterisk, indicating further inflected forms were trimmed out.
=>facile
facil.e ADJ 3 2 NOM S N POS
facil.e ADJ 3 2 ABL S X POS
facil.e ADJ 3 2 ACC S N POS
facilis, facile, facilior -or -us, facillimus -a -um ADJ [XXXAX]
easy, easy to do, without difficulty, ready, quick, good natured, courteous;
facile ADV POS
facile, facilius, facillime ADV [XXXBO]
easily, readily, without difficulty; generally, often; willingly; heedlessly;
*
Here is an adjective or and adverb. Although they are related in meaning, they are different words.
=>acerrimus
acerri.mus ADJ 3 3 NOM S M SUPER
acer, acris -e, acrior -or -us, acerrimus -a -um ADJ [XXXAO]
sharp, bitter, pointed, piercing, shrill; sagacious, keen; severe, vigorous;
Here we have an adjective in the SUPERlative. The meanings are all POSitive and the user must add the -est by himself.
=>optime
optime ADV SUPER
bene, melius, optime ADV [XXXAO]
well, very, quite, rightly, agreeably, cheaply, in good style; better; best;
opti.me ADJ 1 1 VOC S M SUPER
bonus, bona -um, melior -or -us, optimus -a -um ADJ [XXXAO]
good, honest, brave, noble, kind, pleasant, right, useful; valid; healthy;
Here is an adjective or and adverb, both are SUPERlative.
=>monuissemus
monu.issemus V 2 1 PLUP ACTIVE SUB 1 P
moneo, monere, monui, monitus V [XXXAX]
remind, advise, warn; teach; admonish; foretell, presage;
Here is a verb for which the form is PLUPerfect, ACTIVE, SUBjunctive, 1st person, Plural. It is 2nd conjugation, variant 1.
=>amat
am.at V 1 1 PRES ACTIVE IND 3 S
amo, amare, amavi, amatus V [XXXAO]
love, like; fall in love with; be fond of; have a tendency to;
Another regular verb, PRESent, ACTIVE, INDicative.
=>amatus
amat.us VPAR 1 1 NOM S M PERF PASSIVE PPL
amo, amare, amavi, amatus V [XXXAO]
love, like; fall in love with; be fond of; have a tendency to;
amat.us ADJ 1 1 NOM S M POS
amatus, amata, amatum ADJ [XXXEO] uncommon
loved, beloved;
Here we have the PERFect, PASSIVE ParticiPLe, in the NOMinative, Singular, Masculine. In addition, there is the ADJective that is formed from this participle. If the ADJective is common, it will likely have its own dictionary entry. Sometimes there may be a special or idiomatic meaning not obvious from the verb, or the meaning may stray from the original. In this case, the verb is very frequent, but the use as a adjective is uncommon.
=>amatu
amat.u SUPINE 1 1 ABL S N
amo, amare, amavi, amatus V [XXXAO]
love, like; fall in love with; be fond of; have a tendency to;
Here is the SUPINE of the verb in the ABLative Singular.
=>orietur
ori.etur V 4 1 FUT IND 3 S
orior, oriri, oritus sum V DEP [XXXAO]
rise (sun/river); arise/emerge, crop up; get up (wake); begin; originate from;
be born/created; be born of, decend/spring from; proceed/be derived (from);
ori.etur V 3 1 FUT IND 3 S
orior, ori, ortus sum V DEP [XXXBO]
rise (sun/river); arise/emerge, crop up; get up (wake); begin; originate from;
be born/created; be born of, decend/spring from; proceed/be derived (from);
For DEPondent verbs the passive form is to be translated as if it were active voice, so there is no VOICE given in the output.
=>ab
ab PREP ABL
ab PREP ABL [XXXAO]
by (agent), from (departure, cause, remote origin/time); after (reference);
Here is a PREPosition that takes an ABLative for an object.
=>sine
sin.e N 2 2 NOM P N
sin.e N 2 2 ACC P N
sinum, sini N N [XXXCX]
bowl for serving wine, etc;
sin.e V 3 1 PRES ACTIVE IMP 2 S
sino, sinere, sivi, situs V [XXXAX]
allow, permit;
sine PREP ABL
sine PREP ABL [XXXAX]
without;
*
Here is a PREPosition that might also be a Verb or a Noun. While as a preperation it is so common that it is unlikely that any other use would occur, there is no way to indicate that. Just be reminded that the frequency given for a verb is for the sum of all the couple of hundred forms of the verb, not just the one form that is parsed.
=>contra
contra ADV POS
contra ADV [XXXAO]
facing, face-to-face, in the eyes; towards/up to; across; in opposite direction;
against, opposite, opposed/hostile/contrary/in reply to; directly over/level;
otherwise, differently; conversely; on the contrary; vice versa;
contra PREP ACC
contra PREP ACC [XXXAO]
against, facing, opposite; weighed against; as against; in resistance/reply to;
contrary to, not in conformance with; the reverse of; otherwise than;
towards/up to, in direction of; directly over/level with; to detriment of;
Here is a PREPosition that might also be an ADVerb. This is a very common situation, with the meanings being much the same.
=>et
et CONJ
et CONJ [XXXAX]
and, and even; also, even; (et ... et = both ... and);
Here is a straight CONJunction.
=>vae
vae INTERJ
vae INTERJ [XXXBX]
alas, woe, ah; oh dear; (Vae, puto deus fio - Vespasian); Bah!, Curses!;
Here is a straight INTERJection.
=>septem
septem NUM 2 0 X X X CARD
septem, septimus -a -um, septeni -ae -a, septie(n)s NUM [XXXAX]
7 - (CARD answers 'how many');
Numbers are recognized as such and given a value. An additional provision is the attempt to recognize and display the value of Roman numerals, even combinations of appropriate letters that do not parse conventionally to a value but may be ill-formed Roman numerals.
=>VII
VII NUM 2 0 X X X CARD
7 as a ROMAN NUMERAL;
Beyond simple dictionary entry words, the program can construct additional words with prefixes, suffixes and other ADDONS.
=>populusque
que TACKON
-que = and (enclitic, translated before attached word); completes plerus/uter;
popul.us N 2 1 NOM S M
populus, populi N M [XXXAO]
people, nation, State; public/populace/multitude/crowd; a following;
members of a society/sex; region/district (L+S); army (Bee);
Here the input word is recognized as a combination of a base word and an enclitic (-que) tacked on. This particular enclitic is extremely common and its omission, or the omission of the process that handles it, would result in an very large number of UNKNOWNs in the output.
=>pseudochristus
pseudo PREFIX
false, fallacious, deceitful; sperious; imitation of;
christ.us N 2 1 NOM S M
Christus, Christi N M [XEXAO]
Christ;
Here there is a prefix and a base. The user must make the combination into a word or phrase.
Generally, the meaning is given for the base word, as is usual for dictionaries. For the verb, it will be a present meaning, even when the tense given is perfect. For a noun, it will be the singular, and the user must interpret when the form is plural.
For an adjective, the positive meaning is given, even if a comparative or superlative form is output. The user is invited to expand to comparative (-er) and superlative (-est). For a few adjectives, the only stem in the dictionary is COMP or SUPER. When there is just one comparison, the WORDS dictionary gives that expanded meaning. This might be considered inconsistant, in that it expects the user to observe the FORM to interpret the meaning, but it is consisent with ordinary dictionary practice.
Initially there were more defective adjective entries. I had accepted assertions in OLD or L+S and others like 'comparative does not exist'. Later on I went over to the position that even if theCicero did not use it, someone might. I started generating COMP and SUPER where it seemed reasonable. One can also count on a suffix to correct most omissions, and it will.
Sometimes a word is constructed from a suffix and a stem of a different part of speech. Thus an adverb may be constructed from its adjective. It will show the base adjective meaning and an indication of how to make the adverb in English. The user must make the proper interpretation.
In some cases an adjective will be found that is a participle of a verb that is also found. The participle meaning, as inferred by the user from the verb meaning, is not superseded by the explicit adjective entry, but supplemented by it with possible specialized meanings. |
|
发表于 2016-7-21 15:13:53
