原文提取，读句子记单词【kaoyan版】

fnaviwwo1 · 发表于 2016-9-19 17:36:54

本帖最后由 fnaviwwo1 于 2016-9-19 17:54 编辑

从国内的研究生入学考试的文章中选了1300+个句子，涵盖了阅读文章正文中出现过的单词。

[1]Come on –Everybody’s doing it.

come (67)  [kʌm] vi. 来, 来临, 到达, 出现, 来(自), 出生(于), 开始 int. 嗨! vbl. 来, 到达, 合计为
do (184)  [dәu] v. 做, 实行, 尽力, 给予, 可用, 制作, 算出, 解答 [域] Dominican Republic , 多米尼加共和国
everybody (4)  ['evribɔdi, 'evribәdi] int. 每个人, 人人
it (371)  [it] pron. 它 [域] Italy , 意大利
on (255)  [ɔn] prep. 在...之上, 依附于, 临近, 靠近, 向, 在...时候, 关于, 涉及 adv. 在上, 向前, 行动中, 作用中

[2]That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.

and (1181)  [ænd; әnd, nd] [连接并列的名词、代词或数词]同, 和, 与, 如： Father and I went to Xinhua bookstore yesterday. 父亲和我昨天到新华书店去过。
be (1659)  [bi:; bi] prep. 是, 在, 存在 [域] Belgium , 比利时 abbr. [军] Base Ejection, 弹底喷射
forcing (1)  ['fɔ:siŋ] 强迫的, 施加压力的, 强制, 强夺
half (19)  [hɑ:f] n. 一半, 半时, (球赛)半场, 半学年 adj. 一半的, 不完全的, 半途的 adv. 一半地, 部分地, 相当的
hear (11)  [hiә] vt. 听到, 听说, 听取, 审理, 允许 vi. 听见, 听到
invitation (1)  [ˏinvi'teiʃәn] n. 邀请, 招待
message (21)  ['mesidʒ] n. 消息, 通讯, 讯息, 音讯, 差使, 广告词, 预言, 教训 vt. 通知 vi. 带信息
most (82)  [mәust] adj. 最多的, 多数的, 大部分的 adv. 最, 最多, 很, 十分, 最, 最大的, 其中大多数, 极其 n. 大多数, 大部分
of (1464)  [ɔv, әv, v, f] prep. ...的, 由...制成的, 离, 关于, 对于
peer (13)  [piә] n. 同等的人, 贵族 vi. 凝视, 窥视 vt. 与...同等, 封为贵族
pressure (13)  ['preʃә(r)] n. 压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫
that (678)  [eæt] adj. 那, 那个 pron. 那, 那个 conj. 引导从句
the (2626)  [ei:, ei; eә, e] art. 那
think (45)  [θiŋk] v. 想, 思索, 认为 vt. 认为, 以为, 预料
we (279)  [wi:; wi] pron. 我们
what (101)  [(h)wɔt] pron. 什么 int. 怎么, 多么 adj. 什么 adv. 到什么程度, 在哪一方面 n. 本质, 实质, 要素
when (96)  [(h)wen] conj. 就在那个时候, 在...的时候 adv. 什么时候, ...的时候 pron. 什么时侯, 那时
whisper (1)  ['(h)wispә] n. 耳语, 私语, 密谈, 谣传, 飒飒的声音 vi. 耳语, 密谈, 飒飒地响 vt. 低声说
word (29)  [wә:d] n. 字, 词, 话, 消息, 诺言, 命令 vt. 为...措辞

[3]It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.

casual (7)  ['kæʒjuәl] adj. 偶然的, 不经意的, 临时的
drug (15)  [drʌg] n. 药, 麻药, 麻醉药, 滞销货 vi. <俗> 吸毒 vt. 使服毒品, 毒化
lead (17)  [li:d] vt. 领导, 引导, 致使 vi. 领导, (道路等)通向, 导致, 用水砣测深 n. 领导, 领先, 导线, 铅, (自船上测海水深度的)铅陲, 石墨, 铅笔芯
no (65)  [nәu] n. 否定, 投反对票者 adj. 没有, 不许, 反对 adv. 不, 并不, 毫不 [域] Norway , 挪威
sex (4)  [seks] n. 性别, 男性或女性, 性欲, <口>性交, <俚>生殖器, 阴茎 vt. 区别...的性别, 引起...的性欲
to (1264)  [tu:; tә, tu] prep. 向, 往, 给...,于...,直到...为止, 在...之前, 比, 对, [表示程度、范围] 到, 达 [域] Tonga , 汤加
usually (5)  ['ju:ʒuәli] adv. 通常, 大抵

[4]But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.

also (45)  ['ɔ:lsәu] adv. 也, 同样
book (28)  [buk] n. 书, 书籍, 卷, 篇, 帐簿, 名册, 工作簿 v. 登记, 预订, 控告
but (211)  [bәt, bʌt] prep. 除...以外 conj. 而是, 但是 adv. 几乎, 仅仅
call (25)  [kɔ:l] n. 喊声, 叫声, 命令, 号召, 访问, 叫牌, 通话, 必要 v. 呼叫, 召集, 称呼, 认为, 命名, 打电话
can (166)  [kæn, kәn] vt. 装进罐中, 把食品装罐 n. 罐头, 铁罐 conj. 能, 可以
contend (4)  [kәn'tend] v. 斗争, 竞争, 主张
cure (14)  [kjuә] v. 治愈, 治疗 n. 治愈, 痊愈
dynamics (2)  [dai'næmiks] n. 动力学
force (15)  [fɔ:s] n. 力量, 武力, 精力, 魄力, 势力, 暴力, [复]军队, 影响力 vt. 强制, 强加, (用武力)夺取, 促使, 推动, 施加压力
group (24)  [gru:p] n. 团体, 组, 团, 群, 批, [地]界, [化]基 v. 聚合, 成群
help (29)  [help] n. 帮忙, 补救办法, 助手, 治疗, <美>佣工 vt. 帮助, 助长, 接济, 治疗, 款待 vi. 有用, 救命, 招待 [计] 显示命令格式的简短概述
improve (15)  [im'pru:v] v. 改善, 改进
in (892)  [in] prep. 在...之内(上), 在...期间, 从事于, 符合, 穿着 adv. 进入, 朝里, 在家, 已到达(来临) adj. 在里面的, 执政的 n. 执政者, 入口 [域] India , 印度
individual (22)  [ˏindi'vidjuәl] n. 个人, 个体 adj. 个别的, 单独的, 个人的
join (7)  [dʒɔin] vi. 参加, 结合, 加入 vt. 连接, 结合, 参加, 加入 n. 连接, 结合, 接合点 [计] 用子目录名取代驱动器符
life (67)  [laif] n. 生命, 生活, 一生, 寿命, 生命力, 传记
new (89)  [nju:] adj. 新的, 初见的, 更新的 adv. 新近
official (6)  [ә'fiʃәl] n. 官员, 公务员 adj. 职务上的, 公务的, 官方的, 正式的
organization (8)  [ˏɔ:gәnai'zeiʃәn] n. 组织, 机构, 团体
positive (3)  ['pɔzәtiv] adj. 肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, 绝对的, 确实的 adj. [数]正的 adj. [电]阳的 adj. [语法] 原级的
possibly (6)  ['pɔsәbli] adv. 可能地, 或者
power (20)  ['pauә] n. 能力, 力量, 动力, 权力, [数]幂, [物]功率 vt. 使...有力量, 供以动力, 激励
she (41)  [ʃi:, ʃi] pron. [主格]她
social (37)  ['sәuʃәl] adj. 社会的, 爱交际的, 社交的, 群居的
they (513)  [eei; ee] pron. 他们, 它们
through (38)  [θru:] prep. 穿过, 通过, 从开始到结束, 经由, 以 adv. 从头到尾, 自始至终, 直达地, 彻底, 完全 adj. 直达的, 直通的
use (72)  [ju:s] vt. 使用, 利用, 耗费 n. 使用, 利用, 用途, 效用, 使用价值
which (137)  [(h)witʃ] pron. 哪个, 哪几个, ...的, ...那个 adj. 哪个

[5]Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.

action (14)  ['ækʃәn] n. 动作, 作用, 战斗, 行动, 举动, 行为, (戏剧或书中)的情节, (某一地区、领域或团体中)最能产生效果、最有趣、最有刺激性的活动 vt. 对...起诉
against (34)  [ә'genst, ә'geinst] prep. 相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着, 倚着
cigarette (4)  [sigә'ret] n. 香烟, 纸烟
example (30)  [ig'zɑ:mpl, ig'zæm-] n. 例子, 实例, 例题, 范例, 榜样, 鉴戒, 实例
host (2)  [hәust] n. 主人, 旅馆招待许多 vt. 当主人招待主机
make (118)  [meik] vt. 制造, 安排, 使成为, 认为, 产生, 获得, 进行, 构成 vi. 开始, 前进, 增大, 被制造, 被处理 n. 制造, 构造, 性情
offer (18)  ['ɔfә] n. 出价, 提议, 意图 vt. 提供, 出价, 贡献, 使出现, 企图, 演出 vi. (机会、时机等)出现, 献祭, 提议
out (56)  [aut] adj. 外面的, 下台的, 出局的 adv. 在外, 出声地, 显露出来地, 明显地, 从头至尾地 n. 外面, 外出, 外观 vt. 赶出, 击倒, 使退场 vi. 外出, 暴露 prep. 通过
program (17)  ['prәugræm] n. 节目, 程序, 纲要, 计划 vt. 规划, 拟...计划, 安排...入节目 vi. 安排节目, 编程序 (电脑)程序,(电视)节目
rage (3)  [reidʒ] n. 愤怒, 情绪激动, 狂暴, 精神错乱 vi. 大怒, 狂吹, 风行
recipient (3)  [ri'sipiәnt] adj. 容易接受的, 感受性强的 n. 容纳者, 容器
set (15)  [set] v. 放, 置, 移动到, 使(人或事物处于某种状态), 提出, 树立, 规定, 调整 n. 一套, 一副, 一批, 接受机, 装置, 趋势, 布景 adj. 固定的, 规定的, 坚决的, 固执的, 事先做好的
uncool (1)  ['ʌn'ku:l] 极易激动的

[6]In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

among (28)  [ә'mʌŋ] prep. 在...之中, ...之一
as (377)  [æs] adv. 同样地, 被看作, 象 prep. 当做 conj. 与...一样, 当...之时, 象, 因为 [域] American Samoa, 东萨摩亚 abbr. [军] Air to Surface, 空对地
initiative (4)  [i'niʃiәtiv] n. 主动
know (52)  [nәu] v. 知道, 了解, 认识, 熟悉, 认出, 分辨, 确信
people (110)  ['pi:pl] n. 人, 人们, 民族, 人类, 公民 vt. 使住（满）人
promote (11)  [prә'mәut] vt. 促进, 发扬, 提升, 提拔, 晋升为
recruit (5)  [ri'kru:t] n. 新兵, 新分子, 新会员 vt. 使恢复, 补充, 征募 vi. 征募新兵, 复原
safe (4)  [seif] n. 保险箱, 饭橱, 菜橱, 冷藏室 adj. 免受攻击的, 安全的, 可靠的, 有把握的
young (11)  [jʌŋ] adj. 年轻的, 年纪小的, 没有经验的, 尚早的, 初期的 n. (动物的)崽, 仔

[7]The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.

idea (28)  [ai'diә] n. 想法, 念头, 意见, 主意, 思想, 观念, 概念
observer (6)  [әb'zә:vә] n. 观测者, 观察员, 遵守者
perceptive (1)  [pә'septiv] adj. 有理解的
promising (3)  ['prɔmisiŋ] adj. 有希望的, 有前途的
seem (52)  [si:m] vi. 象是, 似乎

[8]Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”

campaign (8)  [kæm'pein] n. [军]战役, (政治或商业性)活动, 竞选运动 vi. 参加活动, 从事活动, 作战
critique (1)  [kri'ti:k] n. 批评
demonstrate (2)  ['demәnstreit] vt. 示范, 证明, 论证 vi. 示威
fail (17)  [feil] vi. 失败, 不及格, 忘记 vt. 使失望, 舍弃, 辜负, 不及格 n. 不及格, 不及格者
flawed (1)  有裂纹的, 有瑕疵的有缺陷的
for (457)  [fɔ:; fә] prep. (表示目的)为了, 因为, 至于, 对于, 适合于 conj. 因为
habit (11)  ['hæbit] n. 习惯, 习性
healthy (5)  ['helθi] adj. 健康的, 健壮的, 有益于健康的
lameness (1)  n. 跛, 残废, 僵而疼痛的
many (116)  ['meni] n. 多数, 群众 adj. 许多的 pron. 许多人, 许多
mobilize (1)  ['mәubilaiz] v. 动员
psychology (5)  [sai'kɔlәdʒi] n. 心理学, 心理状态
seriously (3)  ['siәriәsli] adv. 认真地, 真诚地
understanding (3)  [ˏʌndә'stændiŋ] n. 谅解, 理解

[9]Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!”

dare (3)  [dєә] n. 挑战 vi. 敢, 胆敢 vt. 敢冒, 不惧
different (25)  ['difrәnt] adj. 不同的
not (321)  [nɔt] adv. 不
please (1)  [pli:z] adj. 满足的 vt. 请 v. 使喜欢, 中...的意, 使满足, 取悦
smoke (1)  [smәuk] n. 烟, 烟尘, 烟幕 v. 抽烟, 吸烟 vi. 冒烟

[10]pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.

aim (8)  [eim] n. 目标, 目的, 瞄准 v. 对...瞄准, 打算
at (177)  [æt, әt] prep. 在, 于, 向, 对准, 在...方面 [域] Austria , 奥地利
billboard (1)  ['bilbɔ:d] n. (户外)布告板, 揭示栏, 广告牌 vt. 宣传
desire (13)  [di'zaiә] vt. 想望, 期望, 希望, 请求(官方丈礼) n. 愿望, 心愿, 要求 v. 要求
fitting (3)  ['fitiŋ] adj. 适合的, 相称的, 适宜的 n. 试穿, 试衣, 装配, 装置
more (173)  [mɔ:(r)] adj. 更多的 n. 更多 adv. 更, 更多, 更加, 超过, 多, 大大高于 num. 更多
nothing (11)  ['nʌθiŋ] n. 无, 不关紧要之事, [数]零 adv. 毫不, 决不 int. 什么也没有, 无
one (133)  [wʌn] pron. 一个人, 任何人, 一方 num. 一, 一个 adj. 一方的, 某一, 同样的
plead (1)  [pli:d] vi. 辩护, 恳求 vt. 为...辩护, 借口, 托称
reduce (12)  [ri'dju:s] vt. 减少, 缩小, 简化, 还原
smoking (5)  ['smәukiŋ] n. 抽烟, 冒烟
than (105)  [eæn; eәn, en] conj. 比 prep. 与...相比较
who (145)  [hu:] pron. 谁, 那...的(人)

[11]Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

advertiser (4)  ['ædvәtaizә] n. 登广告者, 广告客户
advocate (16)  ['ædvәkit] n. 提倡者, 鼓吹者 vt. 提倡, 鼓吹
apply (8)  [ә'plai] vt. 申请, 应用 vi. 申请, 适用
argue (27)  ['ɑ:gju:] vi. 争论, 辩论 vt. 说服
convincingly (1)  adv. 信服地, 有说服力地
from (163)  [frɔm, frәm, frm] prep. 从, 今后, 来自, 由于
ought (2)  [ɔ:t] aux. (～ to [verb] ) 应当, 应该
page (7)  [peidʒ] n. 页, 记录, 事件, 专栏 vt. 标明...的页数, 翻...的书页 vi. 翻书页
skilled (6)  [skild] adj. 熟练的
so (103)  [sәu; sә] conj. 因而, 所以, 那么, 这样看来 adv. [表示程度] 如此, 那么, 非常, 很, [表示方式] 这样, 那样, 如此, 因此 [域] Somalia , 索马里
take (63)  [teik] v. 拿, 拿走, 取, 抓, 占领, 获得, 接受, 感受 n. 捕获量

[12]But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.

effectiveness (2)  [i'fektivnis] n. 效力
general (9)  ['dʒenәrәl] n. 普通, 将军, 概要 adj. 一般的, 普通的, 综合的, 概括的, 全面的, 大体的  n. 常规
less (40)  [les] n. 较少, 较小 adj. 少的, 小的 adv. 较少地, 更小地, 不及 prep. 减去
persuasive (4)  [pә'sweisiv] n. 说服者, 劝诱 adj. 善说服的

[13]Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.

biological (4)  [baiә'lɔdʒikәl] adj. 生物学的
detail (11)  ['di:teil, di'teil] n. 细节, 详情 vt. 详述, 细说
enough (13)  [i'nʌf] adj. 足够的, 充足的, 只够做...的 n. 充足, 足够, 很多 adv. 足够地, 充分地 int. 够了!
exploration (1)  [ˏeksplɔ:'reiʃәn] n. 探险, 踏勘, 探测, [医](伤处等的)探查, 探察术
factor (15)  ['fæktә] n. 因素, 要素, 因数, 代理人
fill (10)  [fil] vt. 装满, 注满, 充满, 填充, 弥漫, 供应, 供给, 满足 vi. 充满 n. 满足, 饱, 充分, 填方 v. 填充
irrelevant (3)  [i'relivәnt] adj. 不相关的 adj. 不相关的,不切题的
much (55)  [mʌtʃ] adj. 许多的, 大量的 adv. 非常, 很, ...多, 更加, 非常, 得多, 多达, 多得多 n. 许多, 大量 num. 许多
powerful (12)  ['pauәful] adj. 强大的, 有力的
too (36)  [tu:] adv. 也, 太过份
with (224)  [wie] prep. 有, 以, 用, 同...,由于, 和...一致, 赞成, 关于, 就

[14]The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.

flaw (1)  [flɔ:] n. 缺点, 裂纹, 瑕疵, 一阵狂风 vt. 使破裂, 使有缺陷, 使无效 vi. 生裂缝, 变的有缺陷
glaring (1)  ['glєәriŋ] adj. 耀眼的
here (7)  [hiә] adv. 在这里, 此时, 这时, [宗]在尘世间 n. 这里
long (38)  [lɔŋ] adj. 长的, 长期的, 做多头的, 高的 vi. 渴望, 热望 adv. 长期地, 始终 n. 长时间, (市场上)做多头的人, [语音]长音节
present (8)  [pri'zent] n. 赠品, 礼物, 现在, 瞄准 adj. 现在的, 出席的, 当面的 vt. 介绍, 引见, 给, 赠送, 上演, 提出, 呈现 vi. 举枪瞄准
very (31)  ['veri] adv. 很, 甚, 及其, 非常, 完全 adj. 真正的, 真实的, 恰好的, 绝对的, 十足的, 特别的
well (59)  [wel] adj. 健康的, 良好的, 适当的 adv. 好, 满意地, 充分地, 彻底地, 有理地, 适当地, 夸奖地 n. 井 vi. 涌出
work (60)  [wә:k] n. 工作, 劳动, 操作, 职业, [物]功, 手工, 作品, 机件 v. (使)工作, (使)运转, 起作用, 造成, 产生, 经营, (使)渐渐移动, 煅制

[15]Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.

cut (10)  [kʌt] v. 切(割、削), (直线等)相交, 剪, 截, 刺穿, 刺痛, 删节, 开辟 n. (刀、剑、鞭等的)切削, 削减, 删节, 伤口, 切口
funding (8)  ['fʌndiŋ] 用发行长期债券的方法来收回短期债券
haze (1)  [heiz] n. 薄雾, 疑惑, 阴霾 vt. 使变朦胧, 使变糊涂, 使劳累 vi. 变朦胧, 变糊涂
once (24)  [wʌns] n. adv.一次, 从前, 曾经 conj. 一旦
state (38)  [steit] n. 情形, 状态, 国家, ZF, 州 adj. 国家的, 国有的, 国营的, 州的, 正式的, 典礼用的 vt. 声明, 陈述, 规定

[16]Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

change (73)  [tʃeindʒ] n. 改变, 变化, 转变, 找回的零钱, 找头, 辅币 vt. 改变, 变革, 改造, 兑换
evidence (16)  ['evidәns] n. 明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物
lasting (1)  ['lɑ:stiŋ] adj. 持久的, 永久的, 永恒的, 耐久的 n. 厚实斜纹织物(作鞋帮等用)
limited (6)  ['limitid] adj. 有限的, 狭窄的, 缺乏创见的 n. 高级快车
mixed (4)  [mikst] v. 混合 adj. 混合的
produce (29)  [prә'dju:s] n. 产物, 农产品 vt. 提出, 出示, 生产, 制造, 结(果实), 引起, 招致, 创作

[17]There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.

behavior (5)  [bi'heivjә] n. 举止, 行为
doubt (9)  [daut] n. 怀疑, 疑惑, 疑问 v. 怀疑, 不信, 拿不准, <古>恐怕
enormous (4)  [i'nɔ:mәs] adj. 巨大的, 庞大的, <古>极恶的, 凶暴的
exert (1)  [ig'zә:t] vt. 尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力 v. 发挥, 竭尽全力, 尽
influence (20)  ['influәns] n. 影响, 感化, 势力, 有影响的人(或事), (电磁)感应 vt. 影响, 改变
there (100)  [eєә, eә] adv. 在那里

[18]An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.

body (6)  ['bɔdi] n. 身体, 肉体, 人, 尸体, 主要部分, 团体, 大量 vt. 赋以形体
communication (11)  [kәˏmju:ni'keiʃn] n. 传达, 信息, 交通, 通讯
emerge (8)  [i'mә:dʒ] vi. 显现, 浮现, 暴露, 形成, (由某种状态)脱出, (事实)显现出来
friend (10)  [frend] n. 朋友, 赞助者, 助手
health (13)  [helθ] n. 健康, 健康状态, 兴旺, 为健康干杯
negative (6)  ['negәtiv] n. 否定, 负数, 底片 adj. 否定的, 消极的, 负的, 阴性的 vt. 否定, 拒绝(接受)
network (3)  ['netwә:k] n. 网络, 网状物, 广播网
research (49)  [ri'sә:tʃ] n. 研究, 调查 vi. 研究, 调查
show (29)  [ʃәu] n. 表示, 展览, 炫耀, 外观, 假装 v. 出示, 指示, 引导, 说明, 显示, 展出, 放映
via (4)  ['vaiә, 'vi:ә] prep. 经, 通过, 经由

[19]This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

day (24)  [dei] n. 天, 白天, 日子, 白昼, 黎明, 工作日, 节日, 重要日子
every (16)  ['evri] adj. 每一的, 每个的, 全部的, 每隔...的
form (16)  [fɔ:m] n. 形状, 形态, 外形, 表格, 形式 v. 形成, 构成, 排列, (使)组成
imitate (2)  ['imiteit] vt. 模仿, 仿效, 仿制, 仿造 v. 模仿
see (44)  [si:] v. 看, 看见, 了解, 领会, 注意, 留心, 经历, 阅历
subtle (1)  ['sʌtl] adj. 狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的
this (156)  [eis] adj. 这, 这个, 今, 本 pron. 这, 这个
unconsciously (1)  adv. 无意中, 不知不觉

[20]Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.

activity (9)  [æk'tiviti] n. 活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为, [核]放射性
bureaucrat (1)  ['bjuәrәukræt] n. 官僚主义者
certain (24)  ['sә:tәn] adj. 确定的, 某一个, 无疑的, 必然的, 可靠的 pron. 某几个, 某些
direction (3)  [di'rekʃәn, dai'rekʃәn] n. 方向, 指导, 趋势, (常用复数)指示, 用法, 说明(书), 收件人地址
expert (14)  ['ekspә:t] n. 专家, 行家, [军](特等)射手 adj. 老练的, 内行的, 专门的 vt. 在...中当行家, 当专家
far (29)  [fɑ:] adj. (常用于书面语)远的, 久远的, 遥远的 adv. (表示空间或时间上的距离)远, 很远, 遥远地, 久远地, 甚远地, 很, 很晚地 n. 远处, 远方
how (52)  [hau] adv. （指范围, 程度, 数量, 价值）多少, 多么 n. 方式（或方法）
however (33)  [hau'evә] adv. 无论如何, 可是, 仍然, 究竟 conj. 不管用何种方法, 然而, 可是
select (2)  [si'lekt] vt. 选择, 挑选 adj. 精选的
steer (3)  [stiә] v. 驾驶, 掌舵
successfully (3)  [sәk'sesfuli] adv. 顺利地, 成功地
virtuous (1)  ['vә:tjuәs] adj. 善良的, 有道德的, 贞洁的, 有效力的

[21]It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.

back (21)  [bæk] adj. 后面的, 在后面, 早过去的, 前(欠)的钱 adv. 向后地 n. 背部, 后面 v. 后退, 支持
break (16)  [breik] n. 休息, 暂停, 破裂, 突变 v. 打破, 违犯, 折断, 削弱, 超过, 突变
by (240)  [bai] prep. 在附近, 在旁边, 经, 由, 依据, 按照, 通过, 用 adv. 通过, 经过, 附近 [域] Belarus, 白俄罗斯
classmate (3)  ['klɑ:smeit] n. 同班同学
like (47)  [laik] n. 爱好, 同样的人(或物) adj. 相似的, 同样的 vt. 喜欢, 希望, 愿意 vi. 喜欢, 希望 prep. 象, 如同 adv. 可能
pair (1)  [pєә] n. 一对, 一双
row (3)  [rau] n. 排, 行 v. 划(船)
teacher (9)  ['ti:tʃә] n. 教师
troublemaker (1)  n. 惹麻烦的人, 捣乱者
up (71)  [ʌp] adv. 向上, 到(较高的地方,北方), 起来, 起床 prep. 向上, 在上, 沿 adj. 向上的, 上行的

[22]The tactic never really works.

never (13)  ['nevә] adv. 决不, 从未
really (13)  ['riәli] adv. 真正地, 实在地, (表语气)真的吗?
tactic (3)  ['tæktik] n. 策略, 战略 adj. 按顺序的, 排列的

[23]And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

choose (8)  [tʃu:z] v. 选择, 选定
engineer (2)  [ˏendʒi'niә] n. 工程师, 技师, 火车司机, 轮机员, 工兵
insist (9)  [in'sist] v. 坚持, 强调
outside (11)  ['aut'said] n. 外面, 外表, 外界 adj. 外面的, 外表的, 外界的 adv. 在外面, 外表, 出界 prep. 在...外
own (40)  [әun] adj. 自己的, 特有的, (不用所有格)嫡亲的, 同胞的 vt. 拥有, 自认, 承认 vi. 承认
problem (30)  ['prɔblәm] n. 问题, 难题
real (14)  ['ri:әl] adj. 真的, 真实的, 不动产的
school (45)  [sku:l] n. 学校, 学院, 学习, 授课, 求学, 全体学生, 学派 vt. 锻炼, 教育
world (67)  [wә:ld] n. 世界, ...界, 世事, 世故, 社会 adj. 世界的

[24]A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved.

apparently (7)  [ә'pærәntli] adv. 显然地
deal (17)  [di:l] n. 交易, (政治上的)密约, 待遇, 份量, <口>买卖 vi. 处理, 应付, 做生意 vt. 分配, 分给(out), 发牌, 给予
involve (20)  [in'vɔlv] vt. 包括, 笼罩, 潜心于, 使陷于

[25]The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

abide (1)  [ә'baid] vi. 坚持, 遵守 vt. 忍受, 容忍
announce (2)  [ә'nauns] vt. 宣布, 通告
commitment (3)  [kә'mitmәnt] n. 委托事项, 许诺, 承担义务
company (75)  ['kʌmpәni] n. 公司, 陪伴, (一)群, (一)队, (一)伙, 连, 连队
energy (4)  ['enәdʒi] n. 精力, 精神, 活力, [物]能量
justified (6)
last (35)  [lɑ:st] adj. 最后的, 临终的, 末尾的, 最近的, 结论性的 vi. 持续, 支持, 维持 vt. 使维持, 楦 adv. 最后, 后来 n. 最后, 末尾, 临终, 鞋楦头
longstanding (1)  ['lɔŋ'stændiŋ;'lɔ:ŋ-] adj. (已持续)长时间的,为时甚久的
major (12)  ['meidʒә] n. <美>[教]主修课, [律]成年人, [乐]大调 adj. 主修的, 成年的, 大调的 vi. 主修
nuclear (10)  ['nju:kliә] adj. [核]核子的, 原子能的, 核的, 中心的
outrage (2)  ['autreidʒ] n. 暴行, 侮辱, 愤怒 vt. 凌辱, 引起...义愤, 强奸
provoke (3)  [prә'vәuk] vt. 激怒, 挑拨, 煽动, 惹起, 驱使
regulation (4)  [regju'leiʃәn] n. 规则, 规章, 调节, 校准
renege (1)  [ri'ni:g] vi. 食言, 违例出牌 vt. 否认, 拒绝 n. 出牌违例
strict (2)  [strikt] adj. (～ with) 严格的, 严厉的, 严谨的, 精确的
supplier (3)  [sә'plaiә] n. 供应者, 补充者, 厂商, 供给者
week (16)  [wi:k] n. 星期, 周

[26]Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.

challenge (9)  ['tʃælindʒ] n. 挑战 vt. 向...挑战
constitutionality (1)  ['kɔnstiˏtju:ʃә'nælәti] n. 立宪, 法治(尤指符合宪法)
court (11)  [kɔ:t] n. 法院, 庭院, 朝廷, 宫庭, 球场, 奉承, 求爱, 殷勤 vt. 向...献殷勤, 追求, 设法获得(他人的支持等), 博得(喝彩), 招致(失败、危险等) vi. 求爱
desperate (1)  ['despәrit] adj. 不顾一切的, 拚死的, 令人绝望的
effort (6)  ['efәt] n. 努力, 成就
federal (19)  ['fedәrәl] adj. 联邦的, 联合的, 联邦制的, 同盟的 n. (南北战争时期)北部联邦同盟盟员北京连邦软件产业发展公司，国内主要的正版软件经销商
have (550)  [hæv] vt. 有, 持有, 拿, 从事(某事) aux. 已经
instead (20)  [in'sted] adv. 代替, 改为, 抵作, 更换
its (97)  [its] pron. 它的
keep (41)  [ki:p] n. 保持, 保养, 生计, 监狱, [史]要塞 vt. 保持, 保存, 遵守, 经营, 看守, 拘留, 维持, 记(日记,帐等) vi. 保持, 继续不断
part (35)  [pɑ:t] n. 部分, 局部, 零件, 角色 vt. 分开, 分离, 分配 vi. 分开, 断裂, 分手 adv. 部分地, 有几分 adj. 部分的, 局部的
plant (6)  [plɑ:nt] n. 植物, 庄稼, 工厂, 车间, 设备 vt. 种植, 栽培, 培养, 安置 vi. 种植
precisely (2)  [pri'saisli] adv. adv.正好
promise (8)  ['prɔmis] vt. 允诺, 答应 n. 允诺, 答应, 许诺
rule (18)  [ru:l] n. 规则, 惯例, 统治, 章程, 破折号, 准则, 标准, 控制 vt. 规定, 统治, 支配, 裁决 vi. 统治, 管辖, 裁定 n. 规则, 水线
run (15)  [rʌn] n. 跑, 赛跑, 奔跑, 运转, 趋向 vi. 跑, 奔, 逃跑, 竞选, 跑步, 蔓延, 进行, 行驶 vt. 使跑, 参赛, 追究, 使流, 管理, 运行, 开动 adj. 熔化的, 融化的, 浇铸的 vbl. run的过去式和过去分词
would (92)  [wud, wәd, әd, d] v. aux.will的过去式, 将, 愿意

[27]It’s a stunning move.

move (26)  [mu:v] n. 移动, 迁居, 步骤 vt. 移动, 感动, 鼓动 vi. 移动, 离开, 运行, 迁移, 搬家
stunning (1)  ['stʌniŋ] adj. 足以使人晕倒的, 极好的

[28]The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.

aging (1)  ['eidʒiŋ] n. 老化, 成熟的过程 v. 使变老
buy (14)  [bai] v. 买 n. 购买, 买卖
conflict (3)  ['kɔnflikt] n. 斗争, 冲突 vi. 抵触, 冲突
corporation (7)  [ˏkɔ:pә'reiʃәn] n. [律]社团, 法人, 公司, 企业, <美>有限公司, (市, 镇的)自治机关, <口>大肚皮
only (76)  ['әunli] adj. 唯一的, 单独的, 最好的, 最合适的 adv. 仅仅, 只不过 conj. 但是, 可是
reactor (2)  [ri(:)'æktә] n. 反应堆
since (30)  [sins] adv. 以后, 后来, 以前 prep. 自从, 自...以来 conj. 自...以后, 自...以来, 因为, 既然
surface (5)  ['sә:fis] n. 表面, 外表, 水面 adj. 表面的, 肤浅的

[29]As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.

agree (5)  [ә'gri:] vi. 同意, 赞成...的意见, 与...一致, 承认, 适合 vt. 同意
approval (4)  [ә'pru:vәl] n. 赞成, 承认, 正式批准
condition (13)  [kәn'diʃәn] n. 条件, 情形, 环境, 社会地位 vt. 以...为条件, 使达到要求的情况
operate (7)  ['ɔpәreit] v. 操作, 运转, 开动, 起作用, 动手术, 开刀 n. [军]作军事行动
past (33)  [pɑ:st] n. 过去, 往时 adj. 过去的, 结束的 prep. 越过, 晚于 vbl. pass的过去分词
permission (4)  [pә(:)'miʃәn] n. 许可, 允许
receive (15)  [ri'si:v] vt. 收到, 接到, 接收, 遭到, 受到, 接待, 接见
regulator (4)  ['regjuleitә] n. 调整者, 校准者, 调整器, 标准仪
sale (10)  [seil] n. 出售, 卖出, 贱卖, 廉价出售, 销路, 销售额
seek (17)  [si:k] v. 寻找, 探索, 寻求

[30]In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.

any (43)  ['eni] adj. 任何的, 任何一种, 所有的 pron. 无论那一个, 任何
extension (2)  [iks'tenʃәn] n. 延长, 扩充, 范围 n. 扩展名 adj. [逻]外延的, 客观现实的
further (9)  ['fә:eә] adj. 更远的, 更多的, 深一层的 vt. 促进, 增进, 助长 adv. 更进一步地, 更远地, 此外
go (56)  [gәu] vi. 离去, 走, 进行, 变成, 趋于, 达到, 求助于, 诉诸 vt. 以...打赌, 忍受, 出产 n. 去, 进行
legislature (1)  ['ledʒisˏleitʃә] n. 立法机关, 立法机构
license (2)  ['laisәns] n. 许可(证), 执照 vt. 许可, 特许 v. 许可
require (23)  [ri'kwaiә] vt. 需要, 要求, 命令
step (7)  [step] n. 脚步, 步幅, 步调, 步伐, 步骤, 措施, 梯级, 台阶 v. 走, 举步, 移步, 踏产品数据转换规范
subject (9)  ['sʌbdʒikt] n. 题目, 主题, 科目, 学科, 国民, [语法]主语 adj. 受他国统治的, 未独立的, 受制于...的, 受...影响的, 以...为条件的 vt. 使屈从于...,使隶属

[31]Then, too, the company went along.

along (7)  [ә'lɔŋ] adv. 往前, 向前 prep. 顺着, 沿着
then (39)  [een] adv. 当时, 在那时, 那么, 因而, 然后, 于是

[32]Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.

either (11)  ['aieә(r)] adj. 任一的, (两方中的)每一方的 pron. 任一, 随便任一个 conj. 或者, 也
foresee (3)  [fɔ:'si:] vt. 预见, 预知
happen (17)  ['hæpәn] vi. 发生, 碰巧, 偶然 v. 发生, 恰巧, 偶然发现
intend (13)  [in'tend] vt. 想要, 打算, 意指, 意谓
live (23)  [liv] adj. 活的, 生动的, 精力充沛的, 实况转播的, 点燃的 vi. 活着, 生活, 居住, 流在人们记忆中 vt. 过着, 度过, 经历 adv. 以实况地
next (16)  [nekst] n. adj.下次的, 其次的, 与...连接, 下一个 adv. 下一次, 其次
or (198)  [ɔ:,ә] conj. 或, 或者, 还是 abbr. [军] Operational Requirement, 作战需求 abbr. [军] Operations Research, 运筹学研究
simply (14)  ['simpli] adv. 简单地, 完全, 简直, 仅仅, 只不过, 朴素地, 只是
those (68)  [eәuz] adj. pron.那些

[33]A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

about (89)  ['әbaut] adv. 附近, 大约, 转向, 左右, 周围 prep. 在附近, 关于, 在...周围, 忙于
accident (4)  ['æksidәnt] n. 意外事件, 事故
after (38)  ['ɑ:ftә] adv. prep.conj.在...之后, 在...后面, 模仿, 与...一致, 以...命名, 后来的, 后面的
both (20)  [bәuθ] adj. 两者, 双方的 pron. 双方, 两者
collapse (1)  [kә'læps] n. 倒塌, 崩溃, 失败, 虚脱 vi. 倒塌, 崩溃, 瓦解, 失败, 病倒
cooling (1)  ['ku:liŋ] n. 冷却 adj. 冷却的
discovery (19)  [dis'kʌvәri] n. 发现, 发明的东西
especially (18)  [is'peʃәli] adv. 特别, 尤其
include (28)  [in' klu:d] vt. 包括, 包含
leakage (3)  ['li:kidʒ] n. 漏, 泄漏, 渗漏
management (16)  ['mænidʒmәnt] n. 经营, 管理, 处理, 操纵, 驾驶, 手段
misleading (2)  [mis'li:diŋ] adj. 易误解的, 令人误解的
partial (1)  ['pɑ:ʃәl] adj. 部分的, 局部的, 偏袒的, 偏爱的 n. 泛音
pipe (2)  [paip] n. 管, 导管, 烟斗, 管乐器, 笛声 vt. 以管输送, 吹哨子 vi. 吹笛, 尖叫
question (30)  ['kwestʃәn] n. 问题, 疑问, 询问 v. 询问, 审问, 怀疑
raise (14)  [reiz] n. 上升, 高地, 提出 vt. 升起, 唤起, 提高, 使出现, 解除, 饲养, 筹集, 使复活
safety (2)  ['seifti] n. 安全, 保险, 安全设备, 保险装置
serious (5)  ['siәriәs] adj. 严肃的, 认真的, 严重的
statement (4)  ['steitmәnt] n. 声明, 陈述, 综述
string (1)  [striŋ] n. 线, 细绳, 一串, 一行 v. 排成一列
system (38)  ['sistәm] n. 系统, 体系, 制度, 体制, 秩序, 规律, 方法
tower (1)  ['tauә] n. 塔, 城堡
underground (2)  ['ʌndәgraund] adj. 地下的, 地面下的, 秘密的 n. [英] 地铁 adv. 在地下, 秘密地

[34]Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

allow (12)  [ә'lau] vt. 允许, 承认
enraged (1)
vote (5)  [vәut] n. 投票, 选票,表决, 得票数 vi. 投票 vt. 投票,投票决定, 公认, <口>建议, 使投票
year (107)  [jә:, jiә] n. 年, 年龄, 年岁

[35]Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.

agreement (4)  [ә'gri:mәnt] n. 同意, 一致, 协定, 协议
because (36)  [bi'kɔz, bә'kɔz, bi'kәz] conj. adv.因为
claim (24)  [kleim] n. (根据权利提出)要求, 要求权, 主张, 要求而得到的东西 vt. (根据权利)要求, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要
government (16)  ['gʌvәnmәnt] n. ZF, <英>内阁, 政治, 政体
invalid (1)  [in'vælid] n. 病人, 残废者 adj. 有病的, 残废的
issue (15)  ['isju:] n. 出版, 发行, (报刊等)期、号, 论点, 问题, 结果, (水, 血等的)流出 vi. 发行, 流出, 造成...结果, 进行辩护, 传下 vt. 使流出, 放出, 发行(钞票等), 发布(命令), 出版(书等)发给 [律]子女, 后嗣
legislation (5)  [ˏledʒis'leiʃәn] n. 立法, 法律的制定(或通过)
now (72)  [nau] adv. 现在, 目前, 此刻, 立刻, 马上 n. 现在, 如今 conj. 既然
over (59)  ['әuvә] adv. 结束, 越过, 从头到尾 prep. 在...之上, 越过 adj. 上面的 vt. 额外的东西, 越过 n. 额外的东西
regulatory (2)  ['regjulәtәri] adj. 调整的
suddenly (5)  ['sʌdәnli] adv. 突然地

[36]The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.

authority (11)  [ɔ:'θɔriti] n. 权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威
case (33)  [keis] n. 事, 病例, 案例, 情形, 场合, 讼案, 容器, (语法)格
extend (14)  [iks'tend] v. 扩充, 延伸, 伸展, 扩大[军]使疏开, 给予, 提供, 演化出的全文, <英>[律]对(地产等)估价
legal (12)  ['li:gәl] adj. 法律的, 法定的, 合法
obscure (2)  [әb'skjuә] adj. 暗的, 朦胧的, 模糊的, 晦涩的 vt. 使暗, 使不明显
say (108)  [sei] v. 说, 讲, 背诵, 念, 表示, 比方说, 假定 n. 话语, 想说的意见, 发言权
scholar (5)  ['skɔlә] n. 学者
some (88)  [sʌm, sәm, sm] adj. 一些, 少许, 若干, 有些, 大约, 相当的 pron. 一些, 若干, 有些, 某些
test (23)  [test] n. 测试, 试验, 检验 v. 测试, 试验, 检验
whereas (3)  [(h)wєәr'æz] conj. 然而, 反之, 鉴于, 尽管, 但是
will (122)  [wil, wәl, әl, l] n. 意志, 决心, 意向, 遗嘱 v. aux.将, 愿意, 必须

[37]Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.

certainly (5)  ['sә:tәnli] adv. 的确, (口语)当然, 行
concern (15)  [kәn'sә:n] vt. 涉及, 关系到 n. (利害)关系, 关心, 关注, 关注, 所关心的是
could (44)  [kud] vbl. can 的过去式
if (113)  [if] conj. (表条件)如果, (表假设)要是, 是否, 即使 n. 条件, 设想
patchwork (1)  ['pætʃwә:k] n. 拼缝物, 拼缀物, 拼凑物
result (42)  [ri'zʌlt] n. 结果, 成效, 计算结果 vi. 起因, 由于, 以...为结果, 导致
valid (3)  ['vælid] adj. [律]有效的, 有根据的, 正当的, 正确的

[38]But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

beside (1)  [bi'said] prep. 在旁边, 和...比较
debate (14)  [di'beit] v. 争论, 辩论 n. 争论, 辩论
point (25)  [pɔint] n. 点, 尖端, 分数, 要点, 分数 vt. 弄尖, 指向, 指出, 瞄准, 加标点于 vi. 指, 指向, 表明

[39]The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.

already (18)  [ɔ:l'redi] adv. 已经
conclude (7)  [kәn'klu:d] v. 结束, 终止, 决定, 作出结论 vt. 推断, 断定, 缔结, 议定
damage (2)  ['dæmidʒ] n. 损害, 伤害 v. 招致损害 n. [律] (用复数)赔偿金
leave (27)  [li:v] n. 许可, 同意, 请假, 休假 vt. 离开, 动身, 剩下, 遗忘, 委托, 遗弃 vi. 出发, 离开, 生叶, 动身
lose (13)  [lu:z] vt. 遗失, 浪费, 错过, 输去, 使失去, 使迷路, 使沉溺于 vi. 受损失, 失败
reputation (4)  [ˏrepju(:)'teiʃәn] n. 名誉, 名声
war (4)  [wɔ:] n. 战争 vi. 作战, 打仗

[40]But there should be consequences.

consequence (16)  ['kɔnsikwәns] n. 结果, [逻]推理, 推论, 因果关系, 重要的地位
should (46)  [ʃud, ʃәd, ʃd] v. aux.应该, 将要

[41]Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.

public (23)  ['pʌblik] n. 公众, (特定的)人群, 公共场所 adj. 公众的, 公共的, 公立的, 公用的
trust (6)  [trʌst] vt. 信任, 信赖, 盼望, 希望, 赊卖, 热望, 切望 n. (～ in) 信任, 信赖

[42]Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.

other (112)  ['ʌeә] adj. 其他的, 另外的, 从前的 pron. 其他的, 他人, 另外一个 adv. 另外地, 不同地
station (2)  ['steiʃәn] n. 位置, 岗位, 地位, 身份, ...局, ...站 vt. 驻扎, 配置

[43]Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.

another (28)  [ә'nʌeә] adj. 另外的, 又一, 不同的 prep. 另一个, 另一个人, 同类的东西
open (18)  ['әupәn] n. 公开, 户外, 空旷 adj. 开着的, 敞开的, (车等)无篷的, 开阔的, 营业着的, 公开的, 坦率的, 未决定的 vt. 打开, 公开, 开放 vi. 展开, 开始, 展现
pledge (1)  [pledʒ] n. 保证, 誓言, 抵押, 抵押品 vt. 保证, 使发誓, 抵押, 典当, 举杯祝...健康
safely (1)  ['seifli] adv. 安全地, 确实地

[44]But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

application (3)  [ˏæpli'keiʃәn] n. 请求, 申请, 申请表, 应用, 运用, 施用, 敷用应用,应用程序,应用软件
mind (22)  [maind] n. 头脑, 智力, 精神, 意见, 情绪 vi. 介意, 照顾, 留心 vt. 注意, 留意, 专心于, 照看, 介意
review (8)  [ri'vju:] vt. 回顾, 复习 n. 回顾, 复习, 评论
worth (4)  [wә:θ] prep. 相当...价值 n. 价值, 财产 adj. 值钱的, 值的看中的

[45]In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.

carry (17)  ['kæri] n. 进位, 射程, 运载 vt. 携带, 运送, 支持, 支撑, 传送, 意味 vi. 被携带, 能达到
collect (3)  [kә'lekt] v. 收集, 聚集, 集中, 搜集 adj. 由收件人付款的 adv. 由收件人付款地
fact (13)  [fækt] n. 事实, 实际, 实情, 真相, (犯罪)行为, 论据
idealized (1)
method (7)  ['meθәd] n. 方法
objective (4)  [әb'dʒektiv] n. 目标, 目的, (显微镜的)(接)物镜, [语法]宾格 adj. 客观的, [语法]宾格的
observe (6)  [әb'zә:v] vt. 观察, 观测, 遵守, 评述, 说
researcher (27)  [ri'sә:tʃә(r)] n. 研究员
science (43)  ['saiәns] n. 科学, 自然科学, 理科
scientific (22)  [saiәn'tifik] adj. 科学的
version (4)  ['vә:ʃәn] n. 译文, 译本, 翻译
wait (5)  [weit] v. (～ for)等待, 等候 n. 等待, 等待时间

[46]But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.

ambiguous (1)  [ˏæm'bigjuәs] adj. 暧昧的, 不明确的
complicated (2)  ['kɔmplikeitid] adj. 复杂的, 难解的
everyday (6)  ['evridei] adj. 每天的, 日常的, 平常的, 平凡的
follow (5)  ['fɔlәu] vt. 跟随, 追随, 沿...而行, 理解, 遵循, 从事, 追求, 注视 vi. 跟随, 接着 n. 跟随, 追随
frequently (8)  ['fri:kwәntli] adv. 常常, 频繁地 n. 经常地
practice (18)  ['præktis] n. 实行, 实践, 实际, 惯例, 习惯, 练习, 实习, 开业
route (2)  [ru:t] n. 路线, 路程, 通道 v. 发送

[47]We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.

context (2)  ['kɔntekst] n. 上下文, 文章的前后关系
escape (9)  [is'keip] n. 逃, 逃亡, 溢出设备, 出口, 逃跑, [植]野生 vi. 逃脱, 避开, 溜走 vt. 逃避, 避免, 被忘掉
experience (25)  [iks'piәriәns] n. vt.经验, 体验, 经历, 阅历
unique (1)  [ju:'ni:k] adj. 唯一的, 独特的

[48]Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.

interest (14)  ['intrist] n. 兴趣, 关心, 重要性, 影响, 利息,利益, 利害 vt. 使发生兴趣, 引起...的注意
knowledge (22)  ['nɔlidʒ] n. 知识, 学问, 认识, 知道, <古>学科
mean (32)  [mi:n, min] adj. 低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的, 吝啬的, 简陋的, 平均的, 惭愧的, 不舒服的 vt. 意谓, 想要, 预定 vi. 用意, 有意义 n. 平均数, 中间, 中庸
prior (3)  ['praiә] adj. 优先的, 在前的 n. 预先 adv. 在
subsequent (3)  ['sʌbsikwәnt] adj. 后来的, 并发的

[49]Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

abound (2)  [ә'baund] vi. 多, 大量存在, 富于, 充满
error (7)  ['erә] n. 错误, 过失, 误差
misinterpretation (1)  ['misinˏtә:pri'teiʃәn] n. 误译, 曲解

[50]Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.

consequently (2)  ['kɔnsikwәntli] adv. 从而, 因此

[51]Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.

full (14)  [ful] n. 全部, 完整 adj. 充满的, 完全的, 丰富的, 完美的, 详尽的, 丰满的 adv. 完全地, 整整, 十分 vt. 把衣服缝得宽大
mining (2)  ['mainiŋ] n. 采矿, 矿业
newly (6)  ['nju:li] adv. 重新, 最近, 以新的方式
potential (16)  [pә'tenʃ(ә)l] adj. 潜在的, 可能的, 势的, 位的 n. 潜能, 潜力, 电压
similar (9)  ['similә] adj. 相似的, 类似的
stake (2)  [steik] n. 树桩

[52]But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.

acceptance (1)  [әk'septәns] n. 接受, 承诺, 容忍, 赞同, 相信
collective (1)  [kә'lektiv] adj. 集体的 n. 集体
into (59)  ['intu, 'intә] prep. 到...里, 进入到...之内, 成为...状况, 深入...之中
mature (1)  [mә'tjuә] adj. 成熟的, 到期的, 充分考虑的, (票据等)到期的 vt. 使成熟 vi. 成熟, 到期
scrutiny (1)  ['skru:tini] n. 详细审查
transform (6)  [træns'fɔ:m] vt. 转换, 改变, 改造, 使...变形 vi. 改变, 转化, 变换 n. [数]变换(式), [语]转换

[53]This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.

anyone (10)  ['eniwʌn] pron. 任何一个
anytime (1)  ['enitaim] adv. 任何时候, 无论何时
anywhere (3)  ['eniwєә] adv. 无论何处
become (47)  [bi'kʌm] vi. 变成, 成为, 变得 vt. 适合, 相称
community (26)  [kә'mju:niti] n. 公社, 团体, 社会, (政治)共同体, 共有, 一致, 共同体, (生物)群落
credibility (5)  [ˏkredi'biliti] n. 可信性
process (36)  [prә'ses] n. 过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移 vt. 加工, 处理

[54]Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

goal (12)  [gәul] n. 目的, 目标, 守门员, 球门, (球赛等的)得分
start (17)  [stɑ:t] n. 动身, 出发点, 开始, 惊起, 惊跳, 赛跑的先跑权, 优先地位 v. 出发, 起程, 开始, 着手, 惊动, 惊起, 起动, 发动

[55]Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.

credit (5)  ['kredit] n. 信任, 信用, 声望, 荣誉, [财务]贷方, 银行存款 vt. 相信, 信任, 把...归给
discoverer (1)  n. 发现者
intellectual (13)  [ˏinti'lektjuәl] adj. 智力的, 有智力的, 显示智力的 n. 知识分子

[56]But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.

control (27)  [kәn'trol] n. 控制, 支配, 管理, 调节, 抑制, 控制器, 调节装置 vt. 控制, 支配, 管理(物价等), 操纵, 抑制
unlike (7)  ['ʌn'laik] adj. 不同的, 不相似的 prep. 不象...,和...不同

[57]Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.

accompany (2)  [ә'kʌmpәni] vt. 陪伴, 伴奏
act (12)  [ækt] n. 幕, 法案, 法令, 动作, 举动, 节目, (戏剧的)幕 vi. 行动, 产生...的效果, 担当, 表演, 假装, 表现, 见效 vt. 扮演, 装作
complex (8)  ['kɔmpleks] adj. 复杂的, 合成的, 综合的 n. 联合体
editor (4)  ['editә] n. 编辑, 编辑器, 编者
finally (7)  ['fainәli] adv. 最后, 终于, 不可更改地, 决定性地
finding (9)  ['faindiŋ] n. 发现, 发现物, 决定, [律]裁决
gatekeeper (1)  ['geitˏki:pә(r)] n. 看门人
publication (7)  [ˏpʌbli'keiʃәn] n. 出版物, 出版, 发行, 公布, 发表
purpose (5)  ['pә:pәs] n. 目的, 意图, 用途, 效果, 决心, 意志 vt. 打算, 企图, 决心
reviewer (1)  [ri'vju:ә(r)] n. 批评家, 评论家
scientist (26)  ['saiәntist] n. 科学家
structure (5)  ['strʌktʃә] n. 结构, 构造, 建筑物 vt. 建筑, 构成, 组织
suit (4)  [sju:t] v. 合适, 适合, 相配, 合式, 适宜于 n. 一套衣服
technology (19)  [tek'nɔlәdʒi] n. 工艺, 科技, 技术
within (13)  [wie'in] n. 内部, 里头 adv. 在内部, 在内心里 prep. 在...之内, 不越出 adj. 里面的, 内部的

[58]As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

belief (4)  [bi'li:f] n. 信任, 信心, 信仰
between (42)  [bi'twi:n] prep. 在...之间, 连接...,由...协力合作
compete (6)  [kәm'pi:t] vi. 比赛, 竞争
confrontation (1)  [ˏkɔnfrʌn'teiʃәn] n. 面对, 面对面, 对质
credible (2)  ['kredәbl, -ibl] adj. 可信的, 可靠的
interaction (3)  [ˏintәr'ækʃәn] n. 交互作用, 交感
shared (4)

[59]Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.

exist (9)  [ig'zist] vi. 存在, 生存, 生活, 继续存在
paradox (1)  ['pærәdɔks] n. 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话
throughout (1)  [θru(:)'aut] prep. 遍及, 贯穿 adv. 到处, 始终, 全部
two (36)  [tu:] num. 二, 两个

[60]First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.

aspect (7)  ['æspekt] n. 样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面
first (43)  [fә:st] adv. 首先, 最初, 第一(列举条目等用), 优先 adj. 第一的 num. 第一(个) n. 开始, 第一, (比赛)冠军
focus (9)  ['fәukәs] n. (兴趣活动等的)中心, 焦点, 焦距, [医]病灶, [地](地震的)震源 vi. 聚焦, 注视 vt. 使集中在焦点上, 定焦点, 调焦, 集中
incomplete (5)  [ˏinkәm'pli:t] adj. 不完全的, 不完善的
incorrect (1)  [ˏinkә'rekt] adj. 错误的, 不正确的
prevail (2)  [pri'veil] vi. 流行, 盛行, 获胜, 成功
tend (25)  [tend] vi. 趋向, 往往是 vt. 照管, 护理
view (18)  [vju:] n. 景色, 风景, 观点, 见解, 观察, 观看, 意见, 认为 vt. 观察, 观看

[61]Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.

believe (20)  [bi'li:v] v. 有坚定的宗教信仰的, 相信, 信任, 认为, 想
confirmation (1)  [ˏkɔnfә'meiʃәn] n. 证实, 确认, 批准
duplication (1)  [ˏdju:pli'keiʃәn] n. 副本, 复制
little (21)  ['litl] n. 少许, 一会儿, 短时间 adj. 很少的, 矮小的, 短暂的, 琐碎的 adv. 很少, 稍微, 完全不
reward (7)  [ri'wɔ:d] n. 报酬, 奖金 vt. 酬劳, 奖赏

[62]Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.

always (22)  ['ɔ:lwәz, 'ɔ:lweiz] adv. 总是, 永远, 始终
appear (19)  [ә'piә] vi. 出现, 看来, 似乎, 公开露面, 出版, 发表
convincing (3)  [kәn'vinsiŋ] adj. 令人信服的, 有力的, 令人心悦诚服的
future (12)  ['fju:tʃә] n. 未来, 将来, 前途, 远景 adj. 未来的, 将来的
important (28)  [im'pɔ:tәnt] adj. 重要的, 重大的, 有权力的, 有地位的
modification (1)  [ˏmɔdifi'keiʃәn] n. 更改, 修改, 修正
publish (12)  ['pʌbliʃ] v. 出版, 刊印 vt. 公布, 发表
refutation (1)  [refju:'teiʃ(ә)n] n. 驳斥
surprisingly (2)  adv. 令人惊讶地

[63]Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.

disbelief (1)  ['disbi'li:f] n. 怀疑
itself (18)  [it'self] pron. 它本身, 它自己
novelty (1)  ['nɔvәlti] n. 新颖, 新奇, 新鲜, 新奇的事物
second (10)  ['sekәnd] n. 秒, 片刻, 第二者, 第二人, 助手, 次货, 二等品 adj. 另一个, 又一个 num. 第二 vt. 赞成, 支持

[64]Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”

describe (16)  [dis'kraib] vt. 描写, 记述, 形容, 形容 v. 描述
nobody (4)  ['nәubәdi] pron. 谁也不, 无人, 任何人, 没有任何人
physiologist (1)  [ˏfizi'ɔlәdʒist] n. 生理学者

[65]But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.

else (10)  [els] adj. 别的, 其他的 adv. 另外, 其他
may (90)  [mei, me] aux. 可能, 也许, 可以, 祝, 愿 n. (May) 五月, 能, 可能
miss (4)  [mis] n. 过错, 避免, 失败, 小姐, 姑娘 vt. 未得到, 未达到, 未听到, 思念, 未觉察, 错过, 遗漏, 逃脱 vi. 失败, 击不中
tell (11)  [tel] vt. 告诉, 说, 吩咐, 断定, 知道 vi. 讲述, 泄密, 告发, 表明, 作证 n. <方>讲的事, 传闻

[66]Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

accept (16)  [әk'sept] vt. 接受, 认可, 承担, 承兑 vi. 同意, 承认
appreciate (1)  [ә'pri:ʃieit] vt. 赏识, 鉴赏, 感激 vi. 增值, 涨价
novel (3)  ['nɔvәl] n. 小说, 长篇故事 adj. 新奇的, 新颖的, 异常的
sometimes (9)  ['sʌmtaimz] adv. 不时, 有时
truly (3)  ['tru:li] adv. 真实地, 不假

[67]In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.

common (13)  ['kɔmәn] adj. 共同的, 公共的, 公有的, 普通的, 庸俗的, 伪劣的 n. [复][总]平民, 公有, 普通, 共通
correspond (1)  [kɔris'pɔnd] vi. 符合, 协调, 通信, 相当, 相应
end (23)  [end] n. 末端, 尽头, 结束, 目标, 限度, 梢, 末端, 死亡 v. 结束, 终结, 终止
philosopher (6)  [fi'lɔsәfә] n. 哲学家, 哲人

[68]“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

complete (5)  [kәm'pli:t] adj. 全部的, 完全的, 完成的 vt. 完成, 使完善
conception (3)  [kәn'sepʃәn] n. 观念, 概念
each (24)  [i:tʃ] adj. 各自的, 每个的, 每一 pron. 各, 各自, 每个 adv. 每个
reason (30)  ['ri:zn] n. 理由, 原因, 动机, 理智, 前提 vt. 说服, 推论, 辩论 vi. 推论, 劝说, 思考
reasoning (3)  ['ri:zәniŋ] n. 推理, 评理, 论证 adj. 推理的
revise (2)  [ri'vaiz] vt. 修订, 校订, 修正, 修改
together (16)  [tә'geeә] adv. 共同, 一起, 合起来, 集拢地

[69]If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.

alive (2)  [ә'laiv] adj. 活着的, 活泼的
civil (3)  ['sivl] adj. 全民的, 市民的, 公民的, 国民的, 民间的.民事的, 根据民法的, 文职的, 有礼貌的
he (189)  [hi:; i:, hi, i] pron. 他 n. 男, 雄 abbr. [军] High Explosive, 高爆炸药
probably (10)  ['prɔbәb(ә)li] adv. 大概, 或许
represent (7)  [ˏri:pri'zent] vt. 表现, 描绘, 声称, 象征, 扮演, 回忆, 再赠送, 再上演 vi. 提出异议
servant (2)  ['sә:vәnt] n. 仆人
today (38)  [tә'dei] adv. 今天, 现今 n. 今天, 现今
trade (11)  [treid] n. 贸易, 商业, 交易, 生意, 职业, 行业, [气]信风, 顾客 vi. 交易, 买卖, 经商, 对换, 购物 vt. 用...进行交换
unionist (2)  ['ju:njәnist] n. 联合主义者,工会会员, 工会主义者

[70]When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.

belong (2)  [bi'lɔŋ] vi. 属于, 住
prime (2)  [praim] n. 最初, 青春, 精华 adj. 主要的, 最初的, 有青春活力的, 最好的, 第一流的, 根本的, [数]素数的 v. 预先准备好, <口>让人吃(喝)足, 灌注, 填装
ten (4)  [ten] num. 十, 十个
union (9)  ['ju:njәn] n. 联合, 合并, 结合, 联盟, 协会
worker (14)  ['wә:kә] n. 工人

[71]In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.

fellow (3)  ['felәu] n. 人, 家伙, 伙伴, 学会特别会员, 朋友, 同事 adj. 同伴的, 同事的, 同道的
member (13)  ['membә] n. 成员, 会员, 议员, (人或动, 植物的)一部分, [语]子句, 成分, [逻]推论的命题
number (22)  ['nʌmbә] n. 数, 数字, 数量, 号码, 算术, 诗, 韵律 v. 遍号码, 共计..., 计入, 计算, 算入
pass (11)  [pɑ:s] n. 经过, 关口, 途径, 护照, 通行证, 入场券, 传球, 及格 vt. 通过, 审查通过, 忽略, 传递 vi. 经过, 变化, 流通, 宣判, 被忽略, 终止, 传递, 不叫牌
private (17)  ['praivit] adj. 私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的 n. 士兵
sector (4)  ['sektә] n. 部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形 v. 使分成部分, 把...分成扇形

[72]In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

unionize (1)  ['ju:njәnaiz] v. 统一, 成立工会

[73]There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.

three (25)  [θri:] num. 三
thrive (2)  [θraiv] v. 兴旺, 繁荣, 茁壮成长, 旺盛

[74]First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.

down (19)  [daun] adj. 向下的 adv. 向下, 在下面, 下去, 降下 prep. 往下, 沿着 n. 绒毛, 软毛, 开阔的高地
shut (4)  [ʃʌt] v. 关上, 闭上, 关闭
suffer (7)  ['sʌfә] vt. 遭受, 经历, 忍受 vi. 受痛苦, 受损害
thing (40)  [θiŋ] n. 东西, 物, 所有物, 用品, 事, 事情, 事件,事态
way (61)  [wei] n. 路, 路线, 路途, 习惯, 行业, 规模, 道路, 情形 adj. 中途, 途中的 adv. 远远地, 大大地, 非常
without (30)  [wie'aut] prep. 没有, 不, (表条件)如果没有, 要没有 adv. 在外, 在屋外

[75]Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.

bright (1)  [brait] adj. 明亮的, 辉煌的, 欢快的, 聪明的, 伶俐的
mostly (4)  ['mәustli] adv. 主要地, 大部分, 通常

[76]A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.

degree (3)  [di'gri:] n. 度数, 度, 程度, [律](罪行的)轻重, 学位, 地位, 身份, [数]次数
quarter (4)  ['kwɔ:tә] n. 四分之一,方向, 地区, 方面, 季, 季度, 一刻钟 num. 四分之一, 刻
university (4)  [ˏju:ni'vә:siti] n. (综合)大学

[77]Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.

dominate (1)  ['dɔmineit] v. 支配, 占优势
politics (8)  ['pɔlitiks] n. 政治, 政治学, 政纲, 政见

[78]Some of their ties go back a long way.

tie (3)  [tai] n. 带子, 线, 鞋带, 不分胜负, 关系, 领带, 领结, 平局 vt. 系, 打结, 扎, 约束, 与...成平局 vi. 被用带(或绳子等)系住, 结合, 打结, 不分胜负

[79]Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.

associate (4)  [ә'sәuʃieit] vt. 使发生联系, 使联合 vi. 交往, 结交 n. 合作人, 同事 adj. 副的
imply (6)  [im'plai] vt. 暗示, 意味
name (12)  [neim] n. 名字, 名称, 姓名, 名誉 vt. 命名, 提名, 叫出, 指定 adj. 姓名的, 据以取名的
unionism (2)  ['ju:njәnizәm] n. 联合的原则, 工会主义, 联合主义, 联邦主义

[80]Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

current (12)  ['kʌrәnt] adj. 当前的, 通用的, 流通的, 现在的, 草写的, 最近的 n. 涌流, 趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流
leader (12)  ['li:dә] n. 领导者, 社论 n. [计]前导字符 n. [机]导杆
owe (1)  [әu] vt. 欠(债等), 受到...的思想, 感激, 把...归功于 v. 欠,应感激,应该把…归功于(to) vi. 欠钱
position (12)  [pә'ziʃәn] n. 位置, 职位, 立场, 形势, 阵地 vt. 安置, 决定...的位置

[81]At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.

even (79)  ['i:vәn] adj. 平的, 平滑的, 偶数的, 一致的, 平静的, 恰好的, 平均的, 连贯的 adv. [加强语气]甚至(...也), 连...都, 即使, 恰好, 正当 vt. 使平坦, 使相等 vi. 变平, 相等 n. 偶数, 偶校验
fearsome (1)  ['fiәsәm] adj. 可怕的
level (15)  ['lev(ә)l] n. 水平, 水平面, 水准, 标准, 级别 adj. 同高的, 平坦的, 齐平的, 水平的 vt. 使...水平, 夷平, 使同等, 瞄准, 对准 vi. 变平, 拉平

[82]Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.

budget (3)  ['bʌdʒit] n. 预算 vi. 做预算, 编入预算
patrol (1)  [pә'trәul] v. 出巡, 巡逻 n. 巡逻

[83]The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

care (22)  [kєә] n. 注意, 照料, 烦恼, 忧虑, 由...转交 vi. 关心, 顾虑, 照顾, 喜爱 vt. 在意
eye (10)  [ai] n. 眼睛, 视力, 眼光, 观点, 见解, 眼状物, 风吹来的方向, [气]风眼 vt. 看, 注视, 在...上打眼
labor (7)  ['leibә] n. 劳动, 努力, 工作, 劳工, 分娩, 阵痛 vi. 劳动, 努力争取(for), 苦干 vt. 详细分析, 麻烦
prison (1)  ['prizn] n. 监狱
variety (6)  [vә'raiәti] n. 变化, 多样性, 种种, 品种, 种类

[84]In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.

average (19)  ['ævәridʒ] n. 平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损 adj. 一般的, 通常的, 平均的 vt. 平均为, 均分, 使平衡, 达到平均水平 vi. 买进, 卖出
country (40)  ['kʌntri] n. 国家, 国土, [总称]国民, 乡村, 故乡 adj. 乡下的, 乡村的, [方]祖国的, 故乡的
high (29)  [hai] n. 高度, 高处 adj. 高的, 高原的, 高等的, 高音的, 傲慢的, 高尚的, 昂贵的, 严重的 adv. 高度地, 奢侈地, 高价地
rich (11)  [ritʃ] adj. 富的, 有钱的, 富有的, 富饶的, 肥沃的, 充足的, 丰富的
wages (1)

[85]But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.

benefit (10)  ['benifit] n. 利益, 好处 vt. 有益于, 有助于 vi. 受益
gain (5)  [gein] n. 财物的增加, 财富的获取, 利润, 腰槽, 收获 vt. 得到, 增进, 赚到, 开腰槽于 vi. 获利, 增加

[86]Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

add (12)  [æd] vt. 增加, 添加, 计算...总和, 补充说, 又说 vi. 加, 加起来, 增添, 做加法
generous (1)  ['dʒenәrәs] adj. 慷慨的, 大方的, 有雅量的
holiday (2)  ['hɔlәdi, 'hɔlidei] n. 假日, 节日, 假期
increase (35)  [in'kri:s] n. 增加, 增大, 增长 vt. 增加, 加大 vi. 增加, 繁殖
modest (3)  ['mɔdist] adj. 谦虚的, 谦让的, 适度的
pay (32)  [pei] n. 薪水, 工资 v. 支付, 交纳, 给予, 有利, 值得, 合算
pension (2)  ['penʃәn] n. 养老金, 退休金
politician (4)  [pɔli'tiʃәn] n. 政治家, 政客
repeatedly (1)  [ri'pi:tidli] adv. 重复地, 再三地

[87]Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.

academy (1)  [ә'kædәmi] n. (高等)专科院校, 研究院, 学会, 学术团体, 学院
all (127)  [ɔ:l] adj. 全部的, 所有的, 整个的 adv. 完全, 更加, 越发 pron. 全部
battle (2)  ['bætl] n. 战役(指大规模会战), 战争 vi. 作战, 战斗, 搏斗, 斗争
charter (2)  ['tʃɑ:tә] vt. 租, 包(船、车等) n. 宪章
education (48)  [ˏedju(:)'keiʃәn] n. 教育, 训导, 训练, 培养, 教育学
egregiously (1)  adv. 过份地, 卓越地
face (10)  [feis] n. 脸, 面容, 表情, 威信, 正面, 地形, 外观 vt. 面对, 面向, 面临, 承认, 抹盖 vi. 朝, 向
merit (3)  ['merit] n. 优点, 价值 v. 有益于
oppose (5)  [ә'pәuz] vt. 反对, 使对立, 使对抗, 抗争 vi. 反对
perhaps (16)  [pә'hæps] adv. 或许, 多半
reform (6)  [ri'fɔ:m] n. 改革, 改善, 改良运动, 感化 vt. 改革, 革新, 重新组成 vi. 革新, 改过, 重组
vigorously (1)  adv. 精神旺盛地
where (36)  [(h)wєә] adv. 什么地方, 在哪里, ...的(地方)

[88]Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

bad (30)  [bæd] adj. 劣质的, 有害的, 坏的, 不利的, 不健康的, 严重的
fight (8)  [fait] n. 打架, 战斗, 斗志 vi. 打仗, 搏斗, 对抗, 打架 vt. 与...打仗, 指挥战斗, 反对...提案
get (57)  [get] vt. 获得, 变成, 收获, 使得, 挣得, 受到(惩罚,打击等), 染上, 抓住 vi. 到达, 成为, 变得 n. 生殖, 幼兽
good (69)  [gud] n. 好, 好事, 慷慨的行为, 好处, 利益 adj. 优良的, 上等的, 虔诚的, 愉快的, 慈善的, 好心的, 有益的
plenty (1)  ['plenti] n. 丰富, 大量
quality (9)  ['kwɔliti] n. 质量, 品质, 性质
rid (1)  [rid] vt. 使摆脱, 使去掉
though (19)  [eәu; eә] adv. 虽然, 可是 conj. 虽然, 尽管
variable (3)  ['vєәriәbl] n. [数]变数, 可变物, 变量 adj. 可变的, 不定的, 易变的, [数]变量的

[89]As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.

begin (24)  [bi'gin] v. 开始, 首先
clamp (1)  [klæmp] n. 夹子, 夹具, 夹钳 vt. 夹住, 夹紧
clear (14)  [kliә] adj. 清楚的, 清晰的, 清澈的, 光亮的, 空旷的, 有条理的 adv. 清楚地, 完全地 v. 扫除, 清除, 晴, 跳过, 净得
cost (32)  [kɔst] n. 成本, 价钱, 代价 vt. 价值为, (使)花费(金钱,时间,劳力等), 使失去(生命,健康等), 令人付出 vi. 花费
everyone (10)  ['evriwʌn] pron. 每个人, 人人

[90]In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.

governor (2)  ['gʌvәnә] n. 统治者, 管理者, 地方长官, 主管人员
rally (1)  ['ræli] v. 重整旗鼓, 给予新力量, (使)恢复健康, 力量, 决心, 集结 n. 集会
republican (1)  [ri'pʌblikәn] adj. 共和国的, 共和政体的, 共和主义的, 有关共和的 n. 共和党人
supporter (3)  [sә'pɔ:tә] n. 支持者, 赡养者, 拥护者
thousand (6)  ['θauzәnd] num. 一千, 一千个 n. 许多, 无数

[91]But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

under (18)  ['ʌndә] prep. 在...之下, 在...之内, 在...领导下, 低于, 假借 adv. 在下

[92]John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.

achiever (3)
culture (18)  ['kʌltʃә] n. 文化, 文明
norm (1)  [nɔ:m] n. 标准, 规范
put (15)  [pʌt] vt. 放, 摆, 安置, 表达, 迫使, 移动, 提出, 赋予 vi. 出发, 航行, 发芽, 击 n. 掷, 投击, 笨蛋, 怪人 vbl. put的过去式和过去分词 adj. 固定不动的
service (26)  ['sә:vis] n. 服务, 服务性工作, 服役, 仪式 vt. 保养, 维修 adj. (军队)服现役的, 服务性的, 仆人的, 耐用的
stay (9)  [stei] n. 逗留, 延缓, 中止, 支柱 v. 在, 暂住, 坚持, 止住, 抑制, 延缓, 停(下)
want (30)  [wɔnt] vt. 想要, 希望, 需要, 短缺, 缺少 n. 需要, 短缺
western (4)  ['westәn] adj. 西的, 西方的, 来自西方的人, 有西方特征的

[93]The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.

above (6)  [ә'bʌv] adj. 上面的, 上述的, 上文的 adv. 在上面 prep. 在...上方, 过于, 超出
coach (1)  [kәutʃ] n. 四轮大马车, 长途汽车, 教练 v. 训练, 指导
earn (9)  [ә:n] vt. 赚, 挣得, 获得 v. 赚得, 获得
president (12)  ['prezidәnt] n. 总统, 会长, 校长, 行长
sport (7)  [spɔ:t] n. 运动,运动会

[94]Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

attract (6)  [ә'trækt] vt. 吸引 vi. 有吸引力, 引起注意
banker (3)  ['bæŋkә] n. 银行家
big (29)  [big] adj. 大的, 重要的, 量大的, 重要的 adv. 夸大地, 顺利
criticism (8)  ['kritisiz(ә)m] n. 批评, 批判
fat (2)  [fæt] n. 脂肪, 肥肉 adj. 肥大的, 丰满的, 肥的, 胖的, 油腻的 n. 文件分配表 vt. 养肥, 在...中加入脂肪 vi. 长肥
packet (1)  ['pækit] n. 小包裹, 小捆 v. 包装信息包

[95]The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.

announcement (1)  [ә'naunsmәnt] n. 宣告, 发表, 一项公告, 一项私人告示
appointment (3)  [ә'pɔintmәnt] n. 约会, 指定
decision (14)  [di'siʒәn] n. 决定, 决心, 决议, 结果, 果断, 坚定
director (5)  [di'rektә, dai'rektә] n. 主任, 主管, 导演, (机关)首长, (团体)理事, (公司)董事, 指挥仪, 控制器
ever (14)  ['evә] adv. 曾经, 永远, 不断地, 在任何时候, 究竟
hire (4)  ['haiә] n. 租金, 工钱, 租用, 雇用 vt. 雇请, 出租 vi. 受雇
music (20)  ['mju:zik] n. 音乐, 乐曲
sudden (3)  ['sʌdn] adj. 突然的, 意外的
talk (16)  [tɔ:k] v. 谈话, 讲, 谈论, 议论, 说服某人做某事 n. 谈话, 会谈, 讲演, 讲话

[96]For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.

favorable (2)  ['feiәrәbl] adj. 赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的, 讨人喜欢的, 起促进作用的
least (27)  [li:st] adj. 最小的, 最少的 adv. 最少, 最小
response (13)  [ris'pɔns] n. 回答, 响应, 反应

[97]wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.

critic (14)  ['kritik] n. 批评家, 评论家, 吹毛求疵者
write (26)  [rait] vt. 书写, 著述, 写, 写满, 写信给 vi. 写, 写字, 写信, 写作, 作曲

[98]One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.

comparatively (1)  [kәm'pærәtivli] adv. 比较地, 相当地
known (1)  [nәun] adj. 知名的, 大家知道的 vbl. know的过去分词
such (88)  [sʌtʃ, sәtʃ] adj. 这样的, 这种, 某一 pron. 这样的人(们)或物
surprise (9)  [sә'praiz] n. 惊奇, 诧异, 惊人之事, 奇袭 vt. 使惊奇, 奇袭 adj. 令人惊讶的
why (21)  [(h)wai] adv. 为什么, ...的(理由) int. (表吃惊, 满意等)哎呀!什么?

[99]Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”

air (6)  [єә] n. 空气, 样子, 天空, 空中, 曲调 vt. 晾干, 使通风, 宣扬, 夸耀, 显示
conductor (2)  [kәn'dʌktә] n. 领导者, 经理, 指挥管弦乐队、合唱队的, (市内有轨电车或公共汽车)售票员, <美>列车长
formidable (1)  ['fɔ:midәbl] adj. 强大的, 令人敬畏的, 可怕的, 艰难的
musician (3)  [mju:'ziʃәn] n. 音乐家
unpretentious (1)  [ʌnpri'tenʃәs] adj. 不骄傲的, 谦逊的

[100]As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

description (5)  [dis'kripʃәn] n. 描写, 记述, 形容, 种类, 描述
faint (1)  [feint] n. 昏晕, 昏倒 adj. 虚落地, 衰弱的, 软弱的, 无力的, 微弱的, 暗淡的, 模糊的 vi. 昏晕, 昏倒, 变得微弱, 变得没气力
hitherto (1)  [ˏhieә'tu:] adv. 迄今, 至今
likely (15)  ['laikli] adj. 很可能的, 合适的, 可靠的, 有希望的 adv. 或许, 很可能
orchestra (3)  ['ɔ:kistrә, -kes-] n. 管弦乐队, 乐队演奏处
praise (2)  [preiz] vt. 赞扬, 歌颂, 称赞 n. 赞扬, 赞美的话, 赞美, 荣耀, 称赞
reader (13)  ['ri:dә] n. 读者, 读物, 读本, 读卡机
strike (3)  [straik] n. 罢工, 打击, 殴打 vt. 打, 撞击, 冲击, 罢工, 打动, 划燃, 到达, 侵袭 vi. 打, 打击, 罢工, 抓, 敲, 搏动, 打动, 穿透

[101]For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.

great (33)  [greit] adj. 伟大的, 大的, 强烈的, 非常的, 主要的, 大写的, 重大的, 崇高的 adv. 顺利地, 得意地 n. 全部, 大人物, 大师
my (29)  [mai; mi] pron. 我的 int. <口>嗳呀!啊呀! [域] Malaysia , 马来西亚
whether (32)  ['(h)weeә] conj. 是否, 不管, 无论

[102]To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.

composition (2)  [kɔmpә'ziʃәn] n. 写作, 作文, 成分, 合成物
impressive (2)  [im'presiv] adj. 给人深刻印象的, 感人的
interesting (4)  ['intristiŋ] adj. 有趣味的, 引起好奇(或注意)的
necessary (13)  ['nesisәri] n. 必需品 adj. 必要的, 必需的, 必然的
orchestral (1)  [ɔ:'kestrәl] adj. 管弦乐的, 管弦乐队的
perform (3)  [pә'fɔ:m] vt. 履行, 执行, 表演, 演出 v. 完成任务
sure (10)  [ʃuә] adj. 对....有把握, 确信某事, 稳当的, 可靠的 adv. 的确, 当然
visit (4)  ['vizit] n. 拜访, 访问, 游览, 参观, (作客)逗留, 视察, 调查 vt. 拜访, 访问, 参观, 视察, 降临 vi. 访问, 参观, 闲谈

[103]All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

boot (1)  [bu:t] n. <美> (长统)靴, 靴子 v. 导入
computer (29)  [kәm'pju:tә] n. 计算机, 电脑
download (1)
recorded (1)  已记录的
shelf (1)  [ʃelf] n. 架子, 搁板
still (32)  [stil] n. 寂静, 剧照, 照片 adj. 静止的, 静寂的 adv. 还, 仍, 更, 还要, 尽管如此, 依然静止画面,静态图片

[104]Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.

concertgoer (1)  ['kɔnsәtˏgәuә(r)] n. 常参加音乐会者
devoted (1)  [di'vәutid] adj. 投入的, 深爱的
performance (9)  [pә'fɔ:mәns] n. 履行, 执行, 成绩, 性能, 表演, 演奏
recording (3)  [ri'kɔ:diŋ] adj. 记录的, 记录用的 n. 录音带, 唱片
reply (3)  [ri'plai] n. 答复, 报复, 答辩 vi. 答复, 回击, 报复, 答辩 vt. 回答
substitute (3)  ['sʌbstitju:t] n. 代用品, 代替者, 替代品 v. 代替, 替换, 替代

[105]For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

attention (15)  [ә'tenʃәn] n. 注意, 关心, 关注, 注意力, (口令)立正!
century (34)  ['sentʃuri, -tʃәri] n. 世纪, 百年, 百个, 板球中的一百分, 百元(钞票)
classical (4)  ['klæsikәl] adj. 古典的, 正统派的, 古典文学的
dance (1)  ['dɑ:ns] n. 跳舞, 舞蹈, 舞会, 舞曲, 舞蹈艺术 v. 跳舞, 舞蹈, (旗等)飘扬
house (6)  [haus] n. 房子, 住宅, 库房, 机构, 家庭, 家族, 议院, 剧场 vt. 给...房子住, 收藏, 覆盖 vi. 住, 躲藏(up)
instrumentalist (1)  [instrә'mentәlist] n. 乐器演奏家, 乐器家, 工具主义者
money (14)  ['mʌni] n. 货币, 钱, 金钱
museum (1)  [mju(:)'ziәm] n. 博物馆
must (44)  [mʌst; mәst] aux. 必须, 应当, 很可能, 一定, 必须, 肯定, 可以
opera (1)  ['ɔpәrә] n. 歌剧
record (14)  ['rekɔ:d] n. 履历, 档案, 诉状, 最高纪录, 报告, 唱片 vt. 记录, 标明, 将...录音 vi. 录音, 被录音 adj. 创纪录的
theater (3)  ['θiәtә(r)] n. 剧场, 戏院, 电影院, 阶梯教室, 手术教室, 手术室, 全体观众, 戏剧
time (59)  [taim] n. 时间, 时侯, 时机, 节拍, 期限, 次数, 时期, 比赛限时 vt. 安排...的时间, 记录...的时间, 计时, 定时 vi. 打拍子, (...)合拍 adj. 时间的, 记时的, 定时的, 定期的, 分期的 n. DOS命令：显示并允许改变系统时间
troupe (1)  [tru:p] n. 剧团

[106]There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.

artistic (1)  [ɑ:'tistik] adj. 艺术的, 有美感的, 风雅的
available (20)  [ә'veilәbl] adj. 可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的
cheap (1)  [tʃi:p] adj. 便宜的, 不值钱的
choosing (1)  vbl. 选择,决定
consume (1)  [kәn'sju:m] vt. 消耗, 消费, 消灭, 大吃大喝, 吸引 vi. 消灭, 毁灭
everywhere (2)  ['evrihwєә] adv. 各处, 到处
listener (4)  ['lisnә] n. 收听者, 听众
moreover (7)  [mɔ:'rәuvә] adv. 而且, 此外
often (30)  ['ɔ(:)fn, 'ɔ:ftәn] adv. 常常, 经常
place (19)  [pleis] n. 地方, 地点, 位置, 职位, 处境, 住所, 地位 vt. 放置, 寄予, 任命 vi. 名次列前

[107]The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

availability (1)  [әˏveilә'biliti] n. 可用性, 有效性, 实用性
bring (19)  [briŋ] vt. 拿来, 带来, 产生, 引起, 提出(诉讼) vi. 停下
concert (1)  ['kɔnsәt] n. 音乐会, 一致
crisis (5)  ['kraisis] n. 疾病的转折点(或转好或恶化), 决定性时刻, 危机, 危险期, 历史上的紧要关头, [医]危象, 转换期
institution (7)  [ˏinsti'tju:ʃәn] n. 公共机构, 协会, 制度
thus (17)  [eʌs] adv. 因而, 从而, 这样, 如此
traditional (7)  [trә'diʃәn(ә)l] adj. 传统的, 惯例的, 口传的, 传说的
widespread (3)  ['waidspred, -'spred] adj. 分布广泛的, 普遍的

[108]One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.

attractive (5)  [ә'træktiv] adj. 吸引人的, 有魅力的
performer (4)  [pә'fɔ:mә(r)] n. 表演者
possible (22)  ['pɔsәbl] adj. 可能的, 可能存在或发生的
yet (47)  [jet] adv. 仍, 至今, 益发, 更 conj. 然而, 但是

[109]Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.”

capable (5)  ['keipәbl] adj. 有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的, 可以...的
man (29)  [mæn] n. 男人, 人类, 人, 丈夫, 雇工 vt. 为...配备人手, 操纵, 在...就位, 使振奋
markedly (4)  adv. 显著地, 明显地
note (12)  [nәut] n. 笔记, 短信, (外交)照会, 注解, 注释, 票据, 纸币, 音符 vt. 注意, 记录, 笔记
turn (23)  [tә:n] n. 转动, 旋转, 转变方向, 轮流, 时机, (一)回, 倾向, 癖性 v. (使)转动, 翻转, 扭转, (使)变质, 超过(年龄,数量等), 车(成)
vibrant (1)  ['vaibrәnt] adj. 振动
widely (8)  ['waidli] adv. 广泛地, 普遍地, 广博地, 相差大地

[110]But what will be the nature of that difference?

difference (16)  ['difәrәns] n. 差异, 差别, 分歧, 争论, [数]差额, 差分 adj. [数]微分的, [机]差动的
nature (10)  ['neitʃә] n. 自然, 自然界, 大自然, 自然状态, 本性, 天性, 种类

[111]Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.

expand (3)  [iks'pænd] vt. 使膨胀, 详述, 扩张 vi. 张开, 发展
merely (6)  ['miәli] adv. 仅仅, 只, 不过
repertoire (1)  ['repәtwɑ:] n. (准备好演出的)节目, 保留剧目, (计算机的)指令表, 指令系统, <美>(某个人的)全部技能

[112]If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

audience (8)  ['ɔ:djәns] n. 听众, 观众, 接见, 拜见
hop (1)  [hɔp] v. 单脚跳, (鸟, 蛙等)跳跃 n. 蛇麻草
old (18)  [әuld] adj. 年老的, 老的, ...岁的, 陈旧的, 古老的
relationship (8)  [ri'leiʃәnʃip] n. 关系, 关联
succeed (5)  [sәk'si:d] vi. (～ in) 成功 v. 继...之后, 继任, 继承, 取得成功

[113]When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.

depart (1)  [di'pɑ:t] vi. 离开, 起程, 不按照, 逝世 adj. 过去的, 逝世的
explanation (5)  [ˏeksplә'neiʃәn] n. 解释, 解说, 说明, 辩解, 互相讲明
straight (2)  [streit] adj. 直的, 诚实的, 正直的, 率直的, 整齐的 adv. 直, 直接, 一直

[114]Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”

cloak (1)  [klәuk] n. 斗蓬, 宽大外衣, 掩护 vt. 用外衣遮蔽, 披斗篷
excuse (3)  [iks'kju:z] vt. 原谅, 申辩, 做为...的托辞, 为...免去 n. 饶恕, 致歉, 理由, 口实, 借口, 清借条, 免去
exit (3)  ['eksit, -zit] n. 出口, 太平门, 退场, 去世 vi. 退出, 脱离, 去世 [计]  离开当前命令行外壳
pursue (4)  [pә'sju:] vt. 追赶, 追踪, 追击, 继续, 从事
rather (21)  ['rɑ:eә] adv. 宁愿, 宁可, 更正确, 更合适, 有点, 相当
right (21)  [rait] n. 正义, 公正, 正确, 权利, 右边, 右派 adj. 正当的, 正确的, 对的, 合适的, 恰当的, 健康的, 健全的, 正面的 adv. 正当地, 正确地, 一直地, 直接地, 完全地, 彻底地, 在右边
usual (8)  ['ju:ʒuәl] adj. 平常的, 通常的, 惯例的
vague (2)  [veig] adj. 含糊的, 不清楚的, 茫然的, 暧昧的

[115]Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.

ambition (17)  [æm'biʃәn] n. 野心, 雄心

[116]Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

board (8)  [bɔ:d] n. 木板, (供特殊用途的)木板, 甲板, 膳食费用, 会议桌, 部 vt. 用板盖上, 包饭, 提供膳食, 上(船、飞机等)board and board (船与船)并行
chairman (9)  ['tʃєәmәn] n. 主席, 会长

[117]McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.

give (40)  [giv] n. 弹性, 可弯性 vt. 给, 授予, 供给, 献出, 让步, 引起, 发表, 捐助 vi. 捐赠, 让步
kind (29)  [kaind] n. 种类, 性质 adj. 仁慈的, 和蔼的, 亲切的, 友爱的
line (20)  [lain] n. 绳, 索, 线路, 航线, 诗句 vt. 排成一行, 顺...排列, 划线于, 使有线条, 使起皱纹 vi. 排队
reflect (10)  [ri'flekt] v. 反射, 反映, 表现, 反省, 细想

[118]It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.

aspiration (1)  [ˏæspә'reiʃәn] n. 热望, 渴望
send (16)  [send] vt. 送, 寄, 发送, 派遣, 打发

[119]And McGee isn’t alone.

alone (8)  [ә'lәun] adj. 单独的, 独一无二的, 孤独的, 独自的 adv. 独自地

[120]In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.

executive (11)  [ig'zekjutiv] adj. 实行的, 执行的, 行政的 n. 执行者, 经理主管人员
look (38)  [luk] n. 看, 注视, 脸色, 面容, 外表 vi. 看, 注意, 朝着, 好象, 显得 vt. 打量, 注视, 用眼神(或脸色)表示, 期待
post (5)  [pәust] n. 柱, 邮件, 岗位, 职位, 邮政 vt. 张贴, 揭示, 邮递, 布置 vi. 快速旅行 adv. 加速地 abbr. [军] Passive Optical Seeker Technique, 被动光学自导的导弹技术
quit (4)  [kwit] vi. 离开, 辞职, 停止 vt. 离开, 放弃, 解除, 停止
recent (13)  ['ri:snt] adj. 新近的, 近来的

[121]As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.

nod (1)  [nɔd] v. 点头, 点... n.点头
plan (13)  [plæn] n. 计划, 设计图, 平面图 vt. 计划, 设计
scrutinize (1)  ['skrutinaiz] 细察
shareholder (10)  ['ʃєәhәuldә] n. 股东
succession (1)  [sәk'seʃәn] n. 连续, 继承, 继任, 演替, [农业] 轮栽, 连续性
wish (8)  [wiʃ] n. 愿望, 心愿, 请求, 所愿望的事物, 祝愿 v. 希望, 想要, 但愿, 祝贺

[122]A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

business (44)  ['biznis] n. 商业, 买卖, 交易, 生意, 事情, 事物, 营业, 商行
cautious (2)  ['kɔ:ʃәs] adj. 谨慎的, 小心的
cloud (1)  [klaud] n. 云, 烟云, 天空, 污点 vt. 以云遮敝, 玷污, 使黯然 vi. 乌云密布, 阴沉
environment (8)  [in'vaiәrәnmәnt] n. 环境, 外界
let (6)  [let] vt. 假设, 出租, 允许, 排放, 让...进入(或通过), 妨碍 vi. 出租, (工程等)被承包 n. 出租屋, 障碍
manager (10)  ['mænidʒә] n. 经理, 管理人员, 管理器
pronouncement (1)  [prә'naunsmәnt] n. 声明
senior (7)  ['si:njә] adj. 年长的, 资格较老的, 地位较高的, 高级的
turbulent (2)  ['tә:bjulәnt] adj. 狂暴的, 吵闹的

[123]As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.

chief (5)  [tʃi:f] n. 首领, 领袖, 酋长, 长官, 主要部分, 最有价值的部分 adj. 主要的, 首要的, 首席的, 主任的
deputy (1)  ['depjuti] n. 代理人, 代表
hold (13)  [hәuld] n. 把握, 把持力, 柄, 控制, 监禁, 掌握, 货舱 vt. 拿着, 保存, 支持, 占据, 持有, 拥有 vi. 支持, 保持, 有效 n. 控制, 保留
jump (6)  [dʒʌmp] n. 跳跃, 上涨, 惊跳 vt. 跳跃, 跃过, 突升, 使跳跃 vi. 跳跃, 暴涨
net (8)  [net] n. 网, 网络, 网状物, 净利, 实价 adj. 净余的, 纯粹的 vt. 用网捕, 净赚, 得到 vi. 编网 [域] Nerwork operations and service centers,网络服务商
recovery (2)  [ri'kʌvәri] n. 恢复, 痊愈, 防御
sign (14)  [sain] n. 标记, 符号, 记号, 征兆, 迹象, 征候 v. 签名(于), 署名(于)～, 签署
willing (3)  ['wiliŋ] adj. 乐意的, 自愿的, 心甘情愿的, 反应迅速的

[124]In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.

accord (16)  [ә'kɔ:d] n. 一致, 符合, 调和, 协定 vt. 一致, 给与 vi. 符合
ago (22)  [ә'gәu] adv. 以前的, 以往的
nervous (4)  ['nә:vәs] adj. 神经紧张的, 不安的, 强健有力的
stick (3)  [stik] n. 棍, 棒, 手杖 v. 粘住, 粘贴 vt. 刺, 戳
third (10)  [θә:d] num. 第三, 三分之一
turnover (1)  ['tә:nˏәuvә] n. 翻覆, 翻折, 半圆卷饼, 流通量, 营业额, 周转 adj. 有一部分翻转的, 可翻转的

[125]As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

aspire (2)  [әs'paiә] vi. 热望, 立志
economy (38)  [i(:)'kɔnәmi] n. 经济, 节约, 节约措施, 经济实惠, 系统, 机体, 经济制度的状况
opportunity (14)  [ˏɔpә'tju:niti] n. 机会, 时机
pick (4)  [pik] n. 精选, 掘, 鹤嘴锄 vt. 摘, 掘, 凿, 挑选, 挖, 挑剔 vi. 摘, 掘, 凿, 挖, 挑选 v. 拾取

[126]The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.

unconventional (1)  ['ʌnkәn'venʃәnәl] adj. 非传统的

[127]For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.

adhere (1)  [әd'hiә] vi. 粘附, 胶着, 坚持 v. 坚持
candidate (3)  ['kændidit] n. 候选人, 投考者
headhunter (2)  ['hedhʌntә(r)] n. 猎取人头的蛮人
poach (1)  [pәutʃ] vt. 水煮(荷包蛋), 把...踏成泥浆, 侵入偷猎, 窃取 vi. 偷猎

[128]Says Korn Ferry， senior partner Dennis Carey :“I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

ferry (1)  ['feri] n. 摆渡, 渡船, 渡口 vt. 渡运, (乘渡船)渡过, 运送 vi. 摆渡, (船)来往行驶
instruct (1)  [in'strʌkt] vt. 教, 教导, 命令, 指示, 通知
partner (6)  ['pɑ:tnә] n. 合伙人, 股东, 舞伴, 伴侣 vt. 与...合伙, 组成一对 vi. 做伙伴, 当助手
search (18)  [sә:tʃ] n. 搜寻, 查究 v. 搜索, 搜寻, 探求, 调查
single (13)  ['siŋgl] adj. 单一的, 单身的, 单纯的, 孤独的, 专一的, 个别的 n. 一个, 单打, 单精度型 vt. 选出 vi. [棒]作一垒打
sit (6)  [sit] v. (使)就座, (使)坐

[129]Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.

job (47)  [dʒɔb] n. 工作, 零活, <口>职位, 事情 vi. 做零工, 打杂, 做股票经纪, 假公济私 vt. 代客买卖(股票,货物等), 批发, 承包, 欺骗
land (4)  [lænd] n. 陆地, (书面语)国家、国土, 地带, [复数]地产, 田产 vi. 靠岸, 登陆, 登岸, 到达 vt. 使上岸, 使登陆, 使到达, 使处于
quickly (5)  ['kwikli] adv. 很快地
top (10)  [tɔp] n. 顶部, 顶端, 极点, 顶蓬, 陀螺, (常用复数)根菜植物的叶子, 上部, 盖子 adj. 最高的, 顶上的, 头等的 vt. 盖, 戴, 高耸, 达到顶端, 截去(植物)顶端, 高过, 超越 vi. 结束, 完成, 胜过

[130]Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo (PEP) a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.

decade (20)  ['dekeid] n. 十年, 十

[131]It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.

before (33)  [bi'fɔ:] adv. 在前, 以前 prep. 在...之前 conj. 在...之前, 与其...宁可
commodity (7)  [kә'mɔditi] n. 日用品
exchange (6)  [iks'tʃeindʒ] vt. 交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易 n. 交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易
head (7)  [hed] n. 头, 头脑, 领袖, (队伍, 名单等)最前的部分, 人, 顶点 vt. 作为...的首领, 朝向, 前进, 用头顶 vi. 成头状物, 出发 adj. 头的, 主要的
tiny (4)  ['taini] adj. 很少的, 微小的

[132]He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

financial (12)  [fai'nænʃәl, ˏfi-] adj. 财政的, 金融的
later (12)  ['leitә] adj. 更迟的,更后的 adv. 稍后,随后

[133]Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.

disgrace (1)  [dis'greis] n. 耻辱, 失宠, 丢脸的人(或事) v. 玷污
fading (2)  ['feidiŋ] n. 褪色,枯萎,衰退
recruiter (1)  [ri'kru:tә(r)] n. 征兵人员, 招聘人员

[134]The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.

acceptable (5)  [әk'septәbl] adj. 可接受的, 合意的

[135]“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.

fundamentally (1)  [fʌndә'mentәli] adv. 基础地, 根本地
invert (1)  [in'vә:t] adj. 转化的 vt. 使颠倒, 使转化 n. 颠倒的事物
you (204)  [ju:, ju] pron. 你, 你们

[136]“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

hurt (4)  [hә:t] v. 刺痛, 伤害, (使)痛心, (使)伤感情, 危害, 损害, 受伤 n. 伤痛, 伤害

[137]The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.

guide (5)  [gaid] n. 领路人, 导游者, 向导, 引导者, 指南 vt. 指导, 支配, 管理, 带领, 操纵 vi. 任向导
marketing (9)  ['mɑ:kitiŋ] n. 行销, 买卖
rough (2)  [rʌf] adj. 粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的, 粗暴的, 粗略叙述的 v. 大体描述 adv. 粗糙地
success (11)  [sәk'ses] n. 成功, 成就, 胜利, 发迹, 兴旺

[138]No longer.

longer (13)  adj. 比较久的 adv. 比较久

[139]While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.

advertisement (5)  [әd'vә:tismәnt] n. 广告, 做广告
alternative (3)  [ɔ:l'tә:nәtiv] n. 二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物 adj. 选择性的, 二中择一的
commercial (11)  [kә'mә:ʃәl] adj. 商业的, 贸易的
exploit (1)  [iks'plɔit] vt. 开拓, 开发, 开采, 剥削, 用以自肥 v. 使用
media (22)  ['mi:djә] n. 媒体
play (19)  [plei] n. 游戏, 比赛, 运动, 赌博, 剧本 v. 玩, 扮演, 播放, 进行比赛 v. 播放
print (2)  [print] n. 版, 印刷物, 印迹, 印章, 印刷业, 照片 v. 印刷, 出版, 印于, 用印刷体写 [计]打印
role (13)  [rәul] n. 角色, 任务
television (9)  ['teliviʒәn] n. 电视, 电视机, 电机学, 电视广播事业
while (34)  [(h)wail] n. 一会儿, 时间 conj. 当...的时候, 虽然 vt. 消磨 prep. <古><方>直到

[140]Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.

alert (1)  [ә'lә:t] adj. 提防的, 警惕的 n. 警惕, 警报
consumer (32)  [kәn'sju:mә] n. 消费者
create (19)  [kri'eit] vt. 创造, 创作, 引起, 造成
customer (32)  ['kʌstәmә] n. 消费者
leverage (1)  ['li:vәridʒ] n. 杠杆作用
passionate (5)  ['pæʃәnit] adj. 充满热情的
product (25)  ['prɔdәkt] n. 产品, 产物, 乘积
register (5)  ['redʒistә] n. 记录, 登记簿, 登记, 注册, 寄存器 vt. 记录, 登记, 注册, 提示, 把...挂号 vi. 登记, 注册, 挂号
site (15)  [sait] n. 地点, 场所, 遗址 vt. 定...的地点 n. 站点
web (13)  [web] n. 网, 蛛丝, 蹼, 翼手, 织物, 圈套, 卷筒纸 vi. 使陷入罗网, 形成网 vt. 织蜘蛛网于, 使落入圈套环球网
willingly (1)  adv. 自动地, 欣然地

[141]In fact，the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

approach (10)  [ә'prәutʃ] n. 接近, 逼近, 走进, 方法, 步骤, 途径, 通路 vt. 接近, 动手处理 vi. 靠近
beyond (13)  [bi'jɔnd] prep. 在(到)...较远的一边, 超过, 那一边 adv. 在远处 n. 远处
broad (8)  [brɔ:d] adj. 宽的, 阔的, 广泛的, 明朗的, 露骨的, 显著的, 主要的 adv. 宽阔地 n. 宽阔部分
conventional (9)  [kәn'venʃәnl] adj. 惯例的, 常规的, 习俗的, 传统的
impact (4)  ['impækt] n. 碰撞, 冲击, 冲突, 影响, 效果 vt. 挤入, 撞击, 压紧, 对...发生影响
purchase (3)  ['pә:tʃәs] vt. 买, 购买 n. 买, 购买
range (6)  [reindʒ] n. 山脉, 行列, 范围, 射程 vt. 排列, 归类于, 使并列, 放牧 vi. 平行, 延伸, 漫游
stem (5)  [stem] n. 茎, 干, 词干, 茎干 v. 滋生, 阻止

[142]Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.

marketer (7)  ['mɑ:kitә(r)] n. 市场商人

[143]For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.

initiator (1)  [i'niʃieitә] n. 创始人, 发起人, 传授者, 教导者
user (4)  ['ju:zә] n. 使用者, 使用物, [律]权利的实际享有

[144]But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.

ad (2)  [æd] n. 广告 [域] Andorra , 安道尔 abbr. [军] Air Defense, 防空
instance (5)  ['instәns] n. 实例, 建议, 要求, 情况, 场合 vt. 举...为例, 获得例证
retailer (3)  [ri:'teilә] n. 零售商人, 传播的人
sell (19)  [sel] v. 出售, 卖
space (1)  [speis] n. 空间, 间隔, 距离, 空地, 余地, 一段时间 vt. 留间隔, 隔开

[145]We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.

content (1)  [kәn'tent] n. 内容, 容量, 目录, 满足 adj. 满足的, 满意的, 愿意 vt. 使满足
define (4)  [di'fain] vt. 定义, 详细说明
engine (1)  ['endʒin] n. 发动机, 机车, 火车头
strong (8)  [strɔŋ] adj. 强, 强壮的, 坚固的, 浓的, 强烈的, 强大的, 强的, 强硬的
traffic (4)  ['træfik] n. 交通, 通行, 运输, 贸易, 交通量, 交易, 交往, 通信量 vi. 交易, 买卖 vt. 在...通行, 用...作交换
whose (25)  [hu:z] pron. 谁的, 那(些)人的

[146]This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.

airline (2)  ['єәlain] n. 定期航线
effectively (1)  [i'fektivli] adv. 有效地, 有力地
hotel (6)  [hәu'tel] n. 旅馆, 客栈, <俚>监狱
infancy (2)  ['infәnsi] n. 幼年
provider (1)  [prә'vaidә] n. 供给者,供应者,养家者
travel (14)  ['trævl] v. 旅行, 传播 vi. 行进, 传播 n. 旅行
trend (15)  [trend] n. 倾向, 趋势 vi. 伸向, 倾向, 通向

[147]Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.

competitive (10)  [kәm'petitiv] adj. 竞争的
complementary (4)  [kɔmplә'mentәri] adj. 补充的, 补足的
property (6)  ['prɔpәti] n. 财产, 所有物, 所有权, 性质, 特性, (小)道具

[148]Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

appeal (5)  [ә'pi:l] n. 请求, 呼吁, 上诉, 吸引力, 要求 vi. 求助, 诉请, 要求 vt. 控诉
besides (5)  [bi'saidz] adv. 此外 prep. 除...之外
generate (5)  ['dʒenәˏreit] vt. 产生, 发生
income (11)  ['inkәm] n. 收入, 收益, 进款, 所得
information (52)  [ˏinfә'meiʃәn] n. 通知, 报告, 消息, 情报, 知识, 见闻, 资料, 起诉信息
learn (29)  [lә:n] vi. 学习, 听到, 获悉 vt. 学习, 学会, 认识到
presence (5)  ['prezns] n. 出席, 到场, 存在
valuable (4)  ['væljuәbl] adj. 贵重的, 有价值的, 颇有价值的

[149]The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.

choice (6)  [tʃɔis] n. 选择, 抉择, 精选品, 选择机会, 选择权 adj. 精选的, 上等的, 挑三拣四的, 可选的, 宠爱的, 爱惜的
damaging (1)  ['dæmidʒiŋ] adj. 有破坏性的,损害的,诽谤的
diverse (2)  [dai'vә:s] adj. 不同的, 变化多的
dramatic (8)  [drә'mætik] adj. 戏剧性的, 生动的
opinion (3)  [ә'pinjәn] n. 意见, 看法, 主张, 判断, 评价
provide (25)  [prә'vaid] v. 供应, 供给, 准备, 预防, 规定
quick (5)  [kwik] adj. 快的, 迅速的, 敏捷的, 急剧的, 活泼的 adv. 快 n. 活人，生物, 要点, 本质, 核心, 感觉敏锐的部位
risk (20)  [risk] vt. 冒...的危险 n. 冒险, 风险
same (29)  [seim] adj. 同一的, 相同的, 无变化的, 上述的, 所谓 pron. 同样的事物 adv. 同样地
technological (7)  [ˏteknә'lɔdʒikәl] adj. 科技的
visible (2)  ['vizәbl] adj. 看得见的, 明显的, 显著的 n. 可见物
voice (6)  [vɔis] n. 声音, 嗓音, 发音能力, 意见, 发言权, [语法]语态 vt. 表达, 吐露

[150]Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.

activist (1)  ['æktivist] n. 激进主义分子, 行动主义分子
allegation (2)  [ˏæli'geiʃәn] n. 主张，断言, 辩解
asset (14)  ['æset] n. 资产, 有用的东西
brand (4)  [brænd] n. 商标, 牌子, 烙印 vt. 打火印, 污辱
hijack (2)  ['haidʒæk] vt. 抢劫, 劫持, 劫机, 揩油
hostage (1)  ['hɔstidʒ] n. 人质, 抵押品
opposite (5)  ['ɔpәzit] adj. 相对的, 对面的, 对立的, 相反的, 对等的, 对应的 n. 相反的事物
stakeholder (3)  ['steikhәuldә(r)] n. 赌金保管者

[151]Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

originally (1)  [ә'ridʒәnәli] adv. 最初, 原先

[152]If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.

boycott (1)  ['bɔikәt] n. vt.联合抵制, 联合排斥某国货物或与某国绝交
persuade (4)  [pә'sweid] v. 说服, 劝说, (使)相信, 劝某人做(不做)某事
target (5)  ['tɑ:git] n. 目标, 对象, 靶子
try (20)  [trai] n. 尝试 v. 试, 试图, 努力, 试验, 磨难, 考验, 审问

[153]In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.

curve (1)  [kә:v] n. 曲线, 弯曲, [棒球]曲线球, [统]曲线图表 vt. 弯, 使弯曲 vi. 成曲形
steep (1)  [sti:p] adj. 陡峭的, 险峻的, 急剧升降的, 不合理的 n. 悬崖, 峭壁, 浸渍, 浸渍液 v. 浸, 泡, 沉浸
sufficiently (1)  [sә'fiʃәntli] adv. 十分地, 充分地
thoughtful (1)  ['θɔ:tful] adj. 深思的, 有思想性的, 体贴的, 关切的

[154]Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

alleviate (1)  [ә'li:vieit] vt. 使(痛苦等)易于忍受, 减轻
directly (12)  [di'rektli, dai'rektli] adv. 直接地, 立即
earlier (5)  adj. 早的,初期的 adv. 早地,初期的
engage (3)  [in'geidʒ] vt. 使忙碌, 雇佣, 预定, 使从事于, 使参加 vi. 答应, 从事, 交战, [机]接合, 啮合
recall (2)  [ri'kɔ:l] vt. 回忆, 回想, 记起, 取消 n. 召回
relatively (5)  ['relәtivli] 相关地

[155]It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.

anything (18)  ['eniθiŋ] pron. 任何事
arouse (1)  [ә'rauz] vt. 唤醒, 唤起, 鼓励, 引起 vi. 睡醒
chatter (1)  ['tʃætә] n. (动物, 尤其是鸟类)唠叨, 啁啾声, (小溪的)潺潺流水声 vi. 喋喋不休的谈, 卡搭作响
child (60)  [tʃaild] n. 孩子, 儿女, 子孙, (头脑、空想等的)产物, 弟子, 追随者
completely (4)  [kәm'pli:tli] adv. 十分, 完全地
cover (7)  ['kʌvә] n. 盖子, 封面, 藉口 vt. 覆盖, 铺, 掩饰, 保护, 掩护, 包括, 包含, 适用 vi. 覆盖, 涂, 代替
fulfil (3)  [ful'fil] vt. 实践, 履行, 实行, 结束, 满足, 完成, 达到
hate (1)  [heit] vt. 憎恨, 恨, 不愿, 不喜欢 n. 憎恶, 憎恨 v. 憎恨, 讨厌, 不愿
insightful (1)  ['inˏsaitful] adj. 富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的
love (5)  [lʌv] n. 爱, 热爱, 爱情, 爱好, 性爱, 情人, 零 vt. 爱, 热爱, 爱好, 爱慕 vi. 爱
magazine (7)  [ˏmægә'zi:n] n. 杂志, 期刊, 军火库, 弹药库, (枪、炮的)弹仓, 胶卷盒
provocative (1)  [prә'vɔkәtiv] adj. 煽动的 n. 刺激物
rearing (1)
story (8)  ['stɔ:ri] n. 故事, 小说, 传说, 事迹, 经历, 假话, 谎话
suggestion (1)  [sә'dʒestʃәn] n. 提议, 意见, 暗示, 微量

[156]Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.

consider (23)  [kәn'sidә] vt. 考虑, 照顾, 认为
happiness (14)  ['hæpinis] n. 幸福, 快乐
happy (11)  ['hæpi] adj. 快乐的, 幸福的, 陶醉于...的, 恰当的
joy (3)  [dʒɔi] n. 欢乐, 喜悦, 快乐, 乐事, 乐趣 v. 高兴
measure (10)  ['meʒә] n. 尺寸, 量度器, 量度标准, 方法, 测量, 措施 vt. 测量, 测度, 估量, 分派, 权衡, 调节 vi. 量
miserable (1)  ['mizәrәbl] adj. 痛苦的, 悲惨的, 可怜
need (45)  [ni:d] n. 需要, 必需, 必需品, 要求, 贫困 vt. 需要 modal v.必要, 必须
parent (16)  ['pєәrәnt] n. 双亲, 父亲(或母亲)
redefine (1)  ['ri:di'fain] vt. 重新定义 vi. 重新定义
something (9)  ['sʌmθiŋ] pron. 某事, 某物 adj. 有点象, 大约
suggest (18)  [sә'dʒest] vt. 建议, 提出, 使想起, 暗示
thinking (12)  ['θiŋkiŋ] n. 思想

[157]Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”

dampen (1)  ['dæmpәn] v. 使潮湿, 使沮丧
delight (1)  [di'lait] n. 快乐, 高兴, 喜悦 v. (使)高兴, (使)欣喜
gratification (1)  [ˏgrætifi'keiʃәn] n. 满意
hard (10)  [hɑ:d] adj. 硬的, 坚固的, (问题, 工作等)困难的, 艰苦的, 猛烈的, 确实的 adv. 努力地, 辛苦地, 坚硬地, 牢固地, 接近地, 猛烈地
intense (2)  [in'tens] adj. 强烈的, 剧烈的, 热切的, 热情的, 激烈的
kid (9)  [kid] n. 哄骗, 取笑, 开玩笑, 小孩, 小山羊 v. 哄骗, 取笑, 开玩笑, 欺骗
moment (2)  ['mәumәnt] adj. 片刻的, 瞬间的, 力矩的 n. 瞬间
mood (4)  [mu:d] n. 心情, 情绪, 语气, 状态
source (4)  [sɔ:s] n. 来源, 水源, 消息来源, 原始资料, 发起者源,源极

[158]The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.

baby (14)  ['beibi] n. 婴孩
cute (2)  [kju:t] adj. 可爱的, 聪明的, 伶俐的, 装腔作势的
hardly (13)  ['hɑ:dli] adv. 刚刚, 几乎不, 仅, 严厉的, 艰辛的
image (4)  ['imidʒ] n. 图象, 肖像, 偶像, 形象化的比喻, 极为相象, 映像, 典型 vt. 想象, 作...的像, 反映, 象征
mother (5)  ['mʌeә] n. 母亲, 妈妈
newsstand (2)  ['nju:zstænd] n. 报摊, 杂志摊

[159]There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news.

adoptive (1)  [ә'dɔptiv] adj. 收养关系的, 采用的
mom (3)  [mɔm] n. 妈妈
news (15)  [nju:z] n. 新闻, 消息
pregnant (1)  ['pregnәnt] adj. 怀孕的, 重要的, 富有意义的, 孕育的

[160]Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.

celebrity (4)  [si'lebriti] n. 名声, 名人
feature (7)  ['fi:tʃә] n. 面貌的一部分(眼,口,鼻等)特征, 容貌, 特色, 特写 vt. 是...的特色, 特写, 放映 vi. 起重要作用
practically (1)  ['præktikәli] adv. 实际上, 事实上, 在实践上 adv. 几乎, 简直
smile (6)  [smail] vi. (～ at) 微笑 n. 微笑

[161]In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ?

admit (4)  [әd'mit] v. 容许, 承认, 接纳
celebrate (2)  ['selibreit] v. 庆祝, 祝贺, 表扬, 赞美, 举行
equivalent (2)  [i'kwivәlәnt] adj. 相等的, 相当的, 同意义的 n. 等价物, 相等物
persistently (1)
procreation (1)  n. 生产, 生殖
regret (3)  [ri'gret] n. 遗憾, 悔恨, 抱歉, 歉意 vt. 为...感到遗憾, 后悔, 惋惜, 哀悼, 懊悔 vi. 感到抱歉
society (30)  [sә'saiәti] n. 社会, ...会, ...社, 友伴, 交际, 社交界, 上流社会
support (17)  [sә'pɔ:t] vt. 支撑, 扶持, 支持, 支援, 拥护, 维持, 赡养, 忍受 n. 支撑, 支持, 支援, 维持, 赡养, 支持者, 支柱
wonder (11)  ['wʌndә] n. 奇迹, 惊奇, 惊愕 vt. 对...感到惊讶, 惊奇, 想知道 vi. 惊讶, 怀疑 adj. 非凡的, 奇妙的

[162]It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.

compare (10)  [kәm'pєә] v. 比较, 相比, 比喻  n.比较
fair (12)  [fєә] adj. 美丽的, 女性的, (肤色)白皙的, (头发)金黄的, 干净的, 公平的, (天气)晴朗的 adv. 公平地, 公正地, 直接地, 清楚地 n. 美好的事物, 美人, 展览会, 市集 vi. 转晴
quite (7)  [kwait] adv. 相当, 完全, 十分, 彻底

[163]Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.

bother (4)  ['bɔeә] vt. 烦扰, 打扰 vi. 烦恼, 操心 n. 麻烦, 烦扰 v. 打扰
childless (2)  ['tʃaildlis] adj. 无儿女的
direct (4)  [di'rekt, dai'rekt] adj. 径直的, 直接的, 直系的, 直率的, [天]由西向东运行的, 顺行的 adv. 直接地 vt. 指引, 指示, 指挥, 命令, 导演 vi. 指导, 指挥
folk (5)  [fәuk] n. 人们, 亲属(复数), 民族 adj. 民间的
gaping (1)  ['gæpiŋ] adj. 多洞穴的
hole (1)  [hәul] n. 洞, 孔, 突破口 v. 凿洞
misery (3)  ['mizәri] n. 痛苦, 苦恼, 悲惨, 不幸, 穷困
obviously (2)  ['ɔbviәsli] adv. 明显地
rarely (3)  ['reәli] adv. 很少地, 罕有地
unhappy (2)  [ʌn'hæpi] adj. 不幸的, 不快乐的, 不适当的

[164]Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.

course (17)  [kɔ:s] n. 过程, 经过, 进程, 方针, 路线, 跑道, 课程, 一道菜 v. 追猎, 急行, 运行, 流动学业
hugely (3)  [hju:dʒli] adv. 巨大地, 非常地
parenthood (2)  ['peәrәnthud] n. 父母身份, 亲子关系
unrealistic (1)  ['ʌnriә'listik] adj. 不切实际的, 不实在的

[165]According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all.

couple (8)  ['kʌpl] n. (一)对, (一)双, 夫妇 vt. 连合, 连接, 结合 vi. 结合, 结婚
several (16)  ['sevәrәl] adj. 几个, 个别的, 单独的 pron. 几个
study (19)  ['stʌdi] n. 学习, 研究, 学科, 试作, 论文, 求学, 努力, 书房 vt. 学习, 攻读, 研究, 考虑, 计划 vi. 学习, 试图

[166]No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.

cake (1)  [keik] n. 蛋糕, 饼, 块
lean (4)  [li:n] n. 倾斜, 倾斜度, 倚靠, 倾向 adj. 瘦的, 贫乏的, 歉收的 vi. 倚靠, 倾斜, 依赖, 倾向, 偏向 vt. 使倾斜
piece (8)  [pi:s] n. 块, 件, 片, 篇, 张, 条, 硬币 vt. 接合, 修补, 凑合
read (12)  [ri:d] v. 读, 阅读, 理解, 学习 adj. 有学问的 n. 读取 vbl. read的过去式和过去分词
shock (4)  [ʃɔk] n. 打击, 震动, 冲突, 休克, 突击, 禾束堆, 乱蓬的头发 vt. 使震动, 使休克, 使受电击, 震惊得 vi. 震动, 吓人 adj. 蓬乱的, 浓密的

[167]It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.

adult (8)  [ә'dʌlt, 'ædʌlt] n. 成人, 成年人 adj. 成人的, 成熟的
dumb (1)  [dʌm] adj. 哑的, 无说话能力的, 不说话的, 无声音的
glamorous (1)  ['glæmәrәs] adj. 富有魅力的, 迷人的
haircut (1)  ['heәkʌt] n. 理发, 剪发的方式
imagine (5)  [i'mædʒin] vt. 想象, 设想
just (58)  [dʒʌst] adj. 正义的, 公正的, 正确的, 应得的, 有充分根据的 adv. 正好, 仅仅, 刚才, 只是, 不过
understand (22)  [ˏʌndә'stænd] v. 懂, 了解, 听说, 推定, 以为, 省略

[168]But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

actual (3)  ['æktjuәl] adj. 实际的, 真实的, 现行的, 目前的
bit (5)
contribute (3)  [kәn'tribju:t] v. 捐助, 捐献, 贡献, 投稿
dissatisfaction (2)  ['disˏsætis'fækʃәn] n. 不满, 不平, 令人不满的事物
hope (7)  [hәup] n. 希望, 信心 v. 希望, 盼望, 期待, 信赖
might (33)  [mait] v. (past tense, past participle of may see may) n. 力量, 威力, 权力, 能, 可能 aux. 可以
small (15)  [smɔ:l] adj. 小的, 少的
subconscious (1)  ['sʌb'kɔnʃәs] adj. 下意识的

[169]①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

art (12)  [ɑ:t] n. 艺术, 艺术品, 技术, 巧妙, 美术
coverage (4)  ['kʌvәridʒ] n. 复盖
decline (18)  [di'klain] vi. 下倾, 下降, 下垂 v. 拒绝, 衰落 n. 下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰败, 衰落
during (21)  ['djuәriŋ] prep. 在...的期间, 在...的时候
inexorable (1)  [in'eksәrәbl] adj. 无情的
newspaper (8)  ['nju:speipә] n. 报纸
scope (2)  [skәup] n. (活动)范围, 机会, 余地
seriousness (1)  ['siәriәsnis] n. 严肃, 认真

[170]①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.

age (27)  [eidʒ] n. 年龄, 成年, 使用年限, 同时期的人, 时代 v. 变老, 上年纪, 成熟
difficult (11)  ['difikәlt] adj. 困难的, 艰难的, (人)难相处的
find (40)  [faind] vt. 找到, 发现, 感到, 查明, 得到, 认为, 见到...的存在 vi. 裁决 n. 发现 [计] 在文件中查找指定的字符串
forty (1)  ['fɔ:ti] num. 四十, 40 n. 四十岁
impossibility (1)  [imˏpɔsә'bilәti] n. 不可能之事, 不可能

[171]②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.

collection (4)  [kә'lekʃәn] n. 收藏, 征收, 搜集品, 捐款
considerable (1)  [kәn'sidәrәbl] adj. 相当大(或多)的, 值得考虑的, 相当可观的
consist (3)  [kәn'sist] vi. 由...组成, 在于, 一致
large (33)  [lɑ:dʒ] adj. 大的, 巨大的, 宽大的, 夸大的 adv. 大大地, 夸大地, 顺风地 n. 大
significant (3)  [sig'nifikәnt] adj. 有意义的, 重大的, 重要的

[172]③ To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

contents (1)
daily (7)  ['deili] adj. 每日的, 日常的 adv. 每日, 日常地, 天天 n. 日报, <美口>朝来夜去的女佣
deem (3)  [di:m] v. 认为, 相信
marvel (1)  ['mɑ:vәl] n. 奇迹 v. 大为惊异, 觉得惊奇
suitable (1)  ['sju:tәbl] adj. 适当的, 相配的

[173]A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.

disappear (2)  [ˏdisә'piә] vi. 消失, 不见

[174]① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

eve (1)  [i:v] n. [诗]黄昏, 前夕, 前日
newsprint (1)  ['nju:zprint] n. 新闻用纸
ornament (1)  ['ɔ:nәmәnt] n. 装饰物, 教堂用品 vt. 装饰, 修饰
remove (10)  [ri'mu:v] vt. 移动, 开除, 移交 vi. 迁移, 搬家 n. 移动, 距离, 班级, 升级
stylish (1)  ['stailiʃ] adj. 时髦的, 漂亮的, 流行的
unfocused (1)  ['ʌn'fәukәst] 未聚焦的

[175]②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.

event (6)  [i'vent] n. 事件, 事变, 结果, 活动, 精力, 竞赛
grant (5)  [grɑ:nt] vt. 同意, 准予, 承认(某事为真)～
length (2)  [l eŋθ] n. 长度, 长, 时间的长短, [语]音长
papers (6)

[176]③Theirs was a serious business.

theirs (4)  [eєәz] pron. 他们的(所有物), 属于他们的(东西)

[177]and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.

learning (4)  ['lә:niŋ] n. 知识, 学问, 学习, 学
lightly (1)  ['laitli] adv. 轻轻地, 轻松地
wear (8)  [wiә] vt. 穿, 戴 v. (～ out) 磨损, 用旧, (～ out) 穿着

[178]④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.

journalism (3)  ['dʒә:nәlizәm] n. 新闻业, 报章杂志
press (5)  [pres] n. 压, 按, 印刷, 压力, 拥挤, 紧握, 新闻 vt. 压, 压榨, 紧抱, 逼迫 vi. 压, 逼迫, 拥挤, 受压
proud (2)  [praud] adj. 自豪的, 得意的, 骄傲的, 妄自尊大的
these (61)  [ei:z] adj. pron.这些

[179]⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".

author (8)  ['ɔ:θә] n. 作家, 创造者
brain (18)  [brein] n. 脑, 头脑
contempt (2)  [kәn'tempt] n. 轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬, [律]藐视法庭(或国会)
few (41)  [fju:] adj. 很少的, 不多的, 少数的 n. [表示否定]很少数, 几乎没有
gift (2)  [gift] n. 赠品, 礼物, 天赋, 才能
literary (2)  ['litәrәri] adj. 文学(上)的, 从事写作的, 文艺的, 精通文学的, 书本的
tempt (2)  [tempt] vt. 诱惑, 引诱, 吸引, 使感兴趣, 考验, 试探
term (20)  [tә:m] n. 学期, 期限, 期间, 条款, 条件, 术语
writer (6)  ['raitә] n. 作者, 作家, 复写器

[180]A free themes.

free (6)  [fri:] adj. 自由的, 大方的, 免费的, 免税的, 丰富的, 空闲的 vt. 释放, 使自由 adv. 自由地, 免费
theme (2)  [θi:m] n. (谈话, 写作等的)题目, 主题, 学生的作文, 作文题, [音乐] 主题, 主题曲, 主旋律

[181]①Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.

forget (20)  [fә'get] vt. 忘记, 忽略 vi. 忘记, 忘形, 忘乎所以
unfortunately (5)  [ʌn'fɔ:tjunәtli] adv. 不幸地
virtually (2)  ['vә:tjuәli] adv. 事实上, 实质上

[182]②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.

cricket (1)  ['krikit] n. [昆]蟋蟀, [运动]板球
death (20)  [deθ] n. 死, 死亡, 致死的原因, 毁灭, 屠杀
essay (2)  ['esei, 'esi] vt. 企图, 尝试 n. 企图, 散文, 小品文, 随笔, 短文, 评论
game (7)  [geim] n. 比赛, 游戏, 竞赛, [复]运动会, 玩耍, 比分, 比赛规则, 策略 vi. 赌博 adj. 勇敢的, 有胆量的, 关于野味的, 跛的
shortly (4)  ['ʃɔ:tli] adv. 立刻, 不久, 简略地, 简言之, 即刻
solely (3)  ['sәu(l)li] adv. 独自地, 单独地
until (18)  [әn'til, ʌn'til] prep. 到...为止, 在...以前 conj. 到...为止, 在...以前, 直到...才

[183]③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller.

admire (7)  [әd'maiә] v. 赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕
autobiography (1)  [ˏɔ:tәbai'ɔgrәfi] n. 自传
foremost (1)  ['fɔ:mәust] adj. (位置或时间)最先的, 最初的, 最重要的 adv. 首要地, 首先
lifetime (1)  ['laiftaim] n. 一生, 终生, 寿命
stylist (1)  ['stailist] n. 自成流派者, 文体家, 设计师

[184]④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.

honor (2)  ['ɔnә] n. 尊敬, 敬意, 荣誉, 光荣 vt. 尊敬, 给以荣誉
knight (1)  [nait] n. (欧洲中世纪的)骑士, 爵士, 武士 vt. 授以爵位

[185]⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

save (4)  [seiv] vt. 解救, 保存, 保全, 保留, 节省, 储蓄 vi. 挽救, 节省, 救球 prep. 除...之外 n. 救球
specialist (1)  ['speʃәlist] n. 专门医师, 专家
unknown (6)  ['ʌn'nәun] adj. 不知道的, 未知的 n. 不知名的
vast (6)  [vɑ:st] adj. 巨大的, 辽阔的, 大量的, 巨额的
writings (2)

[186]①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival?

chance (6)  [tʃɑ:ns] n. 机会, 可能性, 偶然性, 运气 v. 碰巧, 偶然发生, 冒...的险adj.偶然的
enjoy (5)  [in'dʒɔi] vt. 享受...的乐趣, 欣赏, 喜爱 v. 满意
revival (4)  [ri'vaivәl] n. 苏醒, 复兴, 复活, 再生效, 复苏

[187]②The prospect seems remote.

prospect (2)  ['prɔspekt] n. 景色, 前景, 前途, 期望 vi. 寻找, 勘探
remote (3)  [ri'mәut] adj. 遥远的, 偏僻的, 细微的

[188]③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.

journalistic (1)  [ˏdʒә: nә'listik] adj. 新闻事业的, 新闻从业员的,新闻工作者的
postmodern (1)
prose (1)  [prәuz] n. 散文
richly (1)  ['ritʃli] adv. 富裕地, 丰富地, 贵重地, 富饶地
specialize (3)  ['speʃәlaiz] vi. 专攻, 专门研究, 使适应特殊目的, 使专用于
taste (3)  [teist] v. 品尝, 辨味, (of)有 ...味道, 领略 vt. 体验, 感到 n. 味道, 味觉

[189]④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

amateur (12)  ['æmәtә(:), 'æmәtjuә] n. 业余爱好者, 业余艺术家
headlong (1)  ['hedlɔŋ] adv. 头向前地, 轻率地
retreat (3)  [ri'tri:t] vi. 撤退, 退却 n. 撤退, 退却
tradition (8)  [trә'diʃәn] n. 传统, 惯例

[190]Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.

patent (17)  ['peitәnt, 'pætәnt] n. 专利权, 执照, 专利品 adj. 特许的, 专利的, 显著的, 明白的, 新奇的 vt. 取得...的专利权, 请准专利

[191]Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system.

online (15)  n. 联机, 在线式
payment (4)  ['peimәnt] n. 付款, 支付, 报酬, 偿还, 报应, 惩罚

[192]Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.

allocation (1)  [ˏælәu'keiʃәn] n. 分配, 安置
protection (7)  [prә'tekʃәn] n. 保护
strategy (6)  ['strætidʒi] n. 策略, 军略

[193]One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.

box (3)  [bɔks] n. 盒子, 箱, 包厢, 岗亭, 一拳 v. 装...入盒中, 打耳光, 拳击
inventor (6)  [in'ventә(r)] n. 发明家
lie (8)  [lai] vi. 躺, 平放, 展现, 展开, 位于 v. 说谎, 躺 n. 谎话, 谎言
technique (4)  [tek'ni:k] n. 技术, 技巧, 方法, 表演法, 手法

[194]Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.

abuzz (1)  [ә'bʌz] adj. 嗡嗡的, 嘁嘁喳喳的, 活泼的
circuit (5)  ['sә:kit] n. 电路, 一圈, 周游, 巡回
conduct (8)  ['kɔndʌkt, -dәkt] n. 行为, 操行 v. 引导, 管理, 为人, 传导
lawyer (7)  ['lɔ:jә] n. 律师
nation (20)  ['neiʃәn] n. 国家, 民族
particular (8)  [pә'tikjulә] n. 细节, 详细 adj. 特殊的, 特别的, 独特的, 详细的, 精确的, 挑剔

[195]In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”, says Dennis’D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.

law (20)  [lɔ:] n. 法律, 诉讼, 法学, 法治, 司法界, 规律 v. 对...起诉, 控告 abbr. [军] Light Anti-Tank Weapon, 轻型反坦克武器

[196]It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”

class (16)  [klɑ:s] n. 班级, 阶级, 社会等级, 种类, (一节)课 vt. 把...分类(或分等级)
eliminate (5)  [i'limineit] vt. 排除, 消除 v. 除去
entire (3)  [in'taiә] adj. 全部的, 完整的, 整个

[197]Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.

approve (1)  [ә'pru:v] vi. 赞成, 满意 vt. 批准, 通过 v. 批准
curb (1)  [kә:b] n. 路边
introduce (5)  [ˏintrә'dju:s] vt. 介绍, 传入, 引进, 提出
pool (1)  [pu:l] n. 池, 撞球, 联营, 石油层 vt. 合伙经营, 共享, 共有, 集中(钱、力量等), 采掘, 汇聚成 vi. 汇合成塘, 郁积, 联营

[198]That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions.

exclusive (1)  [iks'klu:siv] adj. 排外的, 孤高的, 唯我独尊的, 独占的, 唯一的, 高级的
explosion (1)  [iks'plәuʒәn] n. 爆发, 发出, 爆炸, [矿]煤气爆炸
filings (1)  n. 锉屑, 锉末
initially (2)  [i'niʃәli] adv. 最初, 开头
internet (14)
ruling (4)  ['ru:liŋ] adj. 统治的, 支配的, 主导的, 流行的, 占统治地位的 n. 统治, 支配, 裁决, 划线
specific (11)  [spi'sifik] n. 特效药, 细节 adj. 详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的, [生物]种的
transaction (5)  [træn'zækʃәn] n. 办理, 处理, 会报, 学报, 交易, 事务, 处理事务
type (5)  [taip] n. 类型, 典型, 模范, [印刷]活字, 铅字 v. 打字, 测定(血等)类型

[199]Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.

bent (1)  [bent] n. 倾向, 爱好
defensive (1)  [di'fensiv] adj. 防御用的, 自卫的 n. 防御
establish (6)  [is'tæbliʃ] vt. 建立, 设立, 安置, 使定居, 使人民接受, 确定 v. 建立
file (2)  [fail] n. 文件, 档案, 文件夹, 卷宗, 锉刀 vt. 把...归档, 提出(申请等), 锉, 琢磨 vi. 列队行进, 用锉刀锉
punch (1)  [pʌntʃ] n. 冲压机, 冲床, 打孔机 vt. 冲孔, 打孔
race (3)  [reis] n. 种族, 种族气质, 种族特征, 赛跑, 急流, 姜根 vi. 赛跑, 疾走 vt. 与...赛跑, 使空转
rival (2)  ['raivәl] n. 竞争者, 对手 v. 竞争, 对抗, 相匹敌

[200]In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.

basis (2)  ['beisis] n. 基础, 基本, 根据, 主要成分(或要素), (认识论中的)基本原则或原理
despite (5)  [dis'pait] prep. 不管, 尽管, 不论
filing (1)  ['failiŋ] n. 整理成档案, 文件归档,锉

[201]Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

arm (4)  [ɑ:m] n. 臂, 臂状物, 衣袖, 海湾, 武器 vt. 供给, 提供, 武装, 装备 vi. 武装起来
film (3)  [film] n. 薄膜, 膜层, 胶卷, 影片, 薄雾, 轻烟, 电影 vt. 在...上覆以薄膜, 拍成电影 vi. 生薄膜, 变成朦胧, 拍电影
investment (17)  [in'vestmәnt] n. 投资, 可获利的东西
similarly (1)  ['similәli] adv. 同样地, 类似于
themselves (16)  [eәm'selvz] pron. 他们自己, 她们自己, 它们自己, 他们亲自, 她们亲自, 它们亲自

[202]The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.

hedge (1)  [hedʒ] n. 树篱, 障碍物 v. 用树篱围住, 避免作正面答复
market (21)  ['mɑ:kit] n. 市场, 销路, 行情 vt. 在市场上交易, 使上市 vi. 在市场上买卖

[203]The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.

evaluate (1)  [i'væljueit] vt. 评价, 估计, 求...的值 v. 评价
judge (6)  [dʒʌdʒ] n. 法官, 审判员, 裁判员, 鉴赏家, 鉴定人, (J-)最高的审判者 vt. 审理, 鉴定, 判断, 判决, 断定, 认为 vi. 下判断, 作评价
order (11)  ['ɔ:dә] n. 次序, 顺序, 正常(工作)状态, 秩序, 会议规则, 命令, 定购, 定单 vt. 命令, 定购, 定制
panel (13)  ['pænl] n. 面板, 嵌板, 仪表板, 座谈小组, 全体陪审员 vt. 嵌镶板
reconsider (1)  ['ri:kәn'sidә] v. 重新考虑, 重新审议
street (5)  [stri:t] n. 街, 街道
typical (3)  ['tipikәl] adj. 典型的, 象征性的
unusual (3)  [ʌn'ju:ʒuәl] adj. 不平常的, 与众不同的, 不寻常的
weather (3)  ['weeә] n. 天气, 气候, 气象, 处境 adj. 迎风的, 露天的 vt. 使受风吹雨打, 侵蚀, 使风化, 经受住 vi. 风化, 受侵蚀, 经受风雨

[204]The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.

count (3)  [kaunt] v. 数, 计算, 计算在内, 认为, 有价值 n. 计数, 计算, 注意, 伯爵
holder (1)  ['hәuldә] n. 持有者, 占有者, (台、架等)支持物, 固定器
narrow (7)  ['nærәu] n. 狭窄部分, 海峡, 隘路 adj. 狭窄的, 精密的, 严密的, 有限的, 气量小的, 勉强的, 眼光短浅的 vi. 变窄 vt. 使变狭窄, 使缩小
series (4)  ['siәri:z] n. 连续, 系列, 丛书, 级数
supreme (2)  [sju:'pri:m] adj. 极度的, 极大的, 至高的, 最高的
wake (5)  [weik] vt. 叫醒, 激发 vi. 醒来, 醒着, 警觉, 振奋 n. 醒, 守夜, 尾迹, (人, 车等经过的)痕迹, 守丧

[205]Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious.

invention (5)  [in'venʃәn] n. 发明, 创造
justice (1)  ['dʒʌstis] n. 正义, 正当, 公平, 正确, 司法, 审判, 欣赏
obvious (17)  ['ɔbviәs, -vjәs] adj. 明显的, 显而易见的
signal (4)  ['signl] n. 信号 adj. 信号的 v. 发信号, 用信号通知
uphold (1)  [ʌp'hәuld] vt. 支持, 赞成

[206]The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.

anti (1)  ['ænti] n. 反对者, 反对论者 adj. 反对的
attorney (1)  [ә'tә:ni] n. <美>律师, (业务或法律事务上的)代理人
professor (6)  [prә'fesә] n. 教授, 公开表示信仰的人
react (1)  [ri'ækt] vi. 起反应, 起作用, 反抗, 起反作用

[207]① In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected.

connect (2)  [kә'nekt] v. 连接, 联合, 关连
drive (13)  [draiv] n. 驾车, 驱动器, 快车道, 推进力, 驱使, 动力, 干劲, 击球 vt. 开车, 驱赶, 推动、发动(机器等), 驾驶(马车,汽车等) vi. 开车, 猛击, 飞跑 n. [计]驱动器
epidemic (5)  [ˏepi'demik] adj. 流行的, 传染的, 流行性 n. 时疫, 疫疾流行, (风尚等的)流行, 流行病
influential (10)  [ˏinflu'enʃәl] adj. 有影响的, 有势力的
inform (2)  [in'fɔ:m] v. (～ of/about) 通知, 告诉, 获悉, 告知
minority (1)  [mai'nɔriti, mi-] n. 少数, 少数民族
special (7)  ['speʃәl] n. 特派员, 专车, 专刊 adj. 特别的, 特殊的, 专门的, 专用的
tipping (1)  ['tipiŋ] adj. 倾翻, 倾卸 n. 倾卸台
unusually (1)  [ʌn'ju:ʒәli] adv. 显著地,异乎寻常地,罕有地

[208]②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.

actually (8)  ['æktʃuәli] adv. 实际上, 事实上, 竟然, 居然, 如今
compelling (1)  [kәm'peliŋ] adj. 强制的, 强迫的, 引人注目的
explain (13)  [iks'plein] v. 解释, 说明
intuitively (1)  adv. 直觉地, 直观地
spread (7)  [spred] n. 伸展, 展开, 传播, 蔓延, 酒席, 宴会, 桌布 v. 伸展, 展开, 铺, 涂, 敷, 摆, 传播, 散布

[209]①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.

derive (1)  [di'raiv] vt. 得自 vi. 起源
flow (8)  [flәu] n. 流程, 流动, (河水)泛滥, 洋溢 vi. 流动, 涌流, 川流不息, 飘扬 vt. 溢过, 淹没
importance (10)  [im'pɔ:tәns] n. 重要(性), 重大, 价值, 傲慢
largely (10)  ['lɑ:dʒli] adv. 主要地, 大量地, 很大程度上
suppose (5)  [sә'pәuz] vt. 推想, 假设, 猜想 vi. 料想 conj. 假使...结果会怎样
theory (17)  ['θiәri] n. 理论, 学说, ...论, 原理, 意见, 推测
untested (1)  [ʌn'testid] adj. 未经试验的未经考验的

[210]② Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.

embrace (3)  [im'breis] vt. 拥抱, 互相拥抱, 包含, 收买, 信奉 vi. 拥抱 n. 拥抱

[211]③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.

neighborhood (2)  ['neibәhud] n. 附近, 邻近
popularity (1)  [ˏpɔpju'læriti] n. 普及, 流行, 声望
unexpected (4)  ['ʌniks'pektid] adj. 想不到的, 意外的, 未预料到

[212]④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.

cause (26)  [kɔ:z] n. 原因, 导致某事发生的人或事, 动机, 理由, 根据, 目标, 理想, 事业 vt. 引起, 惹起, 使(发生), 促成
cursory (1)  ['kә:sәri] adj. 匆匆忙忙的, 粗略的, 草率的
develop (28)  [di'velәp] vt. 发展, 发达, 发扬, 进步, 逐步展开(情节,音乐主题,方程式等)洗印, 显影 vi. 发展, 生长, 发育, 逐步显示出来
whatever (7)  [wɔt'evә, hw-] pron. 凡是...,无论什么 adj. 无论怎样的, 无论哪一种的, 什么也

[213]⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

anecdotal (1)  [ˏænek'dәutl] adj. 轶话的,多轶事趣闻的,轶事一样的
fit (5)  [fit] n. 突然发作, 适合, 痉挛, 一阵 adj. 合适的, 恰当的, 健康的, ,准备好的 vt. 适合, 安装, 使合身, 使适应, 使合格 vi. 适合, 符合
nicely (1)  ['naisli] adv. 精细地

[214]①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.

generally (10)  ['dʒenәrәli] adv. 一般, 通常, 一般地

[215]③ The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.

argument (6)  ['ɑ:gjumәnt] n. 争论, 辩论, 论据, 论点, ～ (for,against), 意见
exception (5)  [ik'sepʃәn] n. 除外, 例外, 反对, 异议
function (3)  ['fʌŋkʃәn] n. 官能, 功能, 作用, 职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数 vi. (器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责
interact (3)  [ˏintәr'ækt] vi. 互相作用, 互相影响
interpersonal (3)  [ˏintә'pә:sәnl] adj. 人与人之间的, 关于人与人之间关系的
observation (5)  [ˏәbzә:'veiʃәn] n. 观察, 观测, 观察资料(或报告)
outsize (1)  ['autˏsaiz] adj. 特大的 n. 特大号
population (15)  [ˏpɔpju'leiʃәn] n. 人口
primarily (3)  ['praimәrili] adv. 首先, 起初, 主要地, 根本上
simple (9)  ['simpl] adj. 简单的, 简易的, 朴素的, 简朴的, 天真的, 率直的, 无经验的, 易受骗的

[216]④Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.

colleague (7)  ['kɔli:g] n. 同事, 同僚

[217]⑤ For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; ⑥and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.

acquaintance (4)  [ә'kweintәns] n. 相识, 熟人
affected (1)  [ә'fektid] adj. 受到影响的, 受(疾病)侵袭的, 假装的, 做作的
initial (4)  [i'niʃәl] adj. 最初的, 词首的, 初始的 n. 词首大写字母
occur (10)  [ә'kә:] vi. 发生, 出现
person (7)  ['pә:sn] n. 人, 身体, 容貌, [语法]人称

[218]⑦ If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.

affect (9)  [ә'fekt] vt. 影响, 感动, 侵袭, 假装
cascade (1)  [kæs'keid] n. 小瀑布, 喷流 vi. 成瀑布落下 n. 层叠
propagate (1)  ['prɔpәgeit] v. 繁殖, 传播, 宣传
prove (8)  [pru:v] vt. 证明, 证实, 检验, 考验 vi. 原来(是), 证明(是)
resistant (2)  [ri'zistәnt] adj. 抵抗的, 有抵抗力的

[219]①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social contagion by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.

ability (18)  [ә'biliti] n. 能力, 才干
basic (10)  ['beisik] n. 基本, 要素, 基础 adj. 基本的, 碱性的 n. [计]BASIC语言, 基本高级语言
building (2)  ['bildiŋ] n. 建筑物, 营造物(如房屋,大楼,工厂,船等)
contagion (1)  [kәn'teidʒәn] n. 传染, 传染病, 蔓延, 歪风, 腐化
manipulate (4)  [mә'nipjuleit] vt. (熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等), 操纵(人或市价、市场), 利用, 应付, 假造 vt. (熟练地)操作,巧妙地处理
relate (2)  [ri'leit] vt. 叙述, 讲, 使联系, 发生关系
simulation (1)  [ˏsimju'leiʃәn] n. 仿真, 假装模拟
tendency (1)  ['tendәnsi] n. 趋向, 倾向
truth (5)  [tru:θ] n. 事实, 确实, 真理, 原理

[220]①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.

blame (4)
trouble (6)  ['trʌbl] n. 烦恼, 麻烦, 动乱, 纠纷, 疾病, 故障, 问题 vt. (使)烦恼, 麻烦, 打扰, 麻烦自己, 费神, 费心

[221]②Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.

accounting (3)  [ә'kauntiŋ] n. 会计学, 清算帐目
behind (5)  [bi'haind] adv. 在后地 prep. 在...之后
scene (4)  [si:n] n. 现场, 场面, 情景, 景色, 发生地点, [戏剧]一场, 布景, 道具布置
someone (5)  ['sʌmwʌn] pron. 有人, 某人

[222]③Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair.

bank (13)  [bæŋk] n. 银行, 堤, 岸, 沙洲, 浅滩, 一堆(土), (云)层, 储藏所(库) vt. 存(款)于银行, 储蓄, (车或飞机)倾斜转弯
loss (13)  [lɔs] n. 损失, 遗失, 失败, 输, 浪费, 错过, [军]伤亡, 降低
moan (1)  [mәun] n. 呻吟, 哀悼, 呼啸 vi. 发出呻吟声, 抱怨, 哀悼 vt. 呻吟
report (20)  [ri'pɔ:t] n. 报告, 传说, 谣言, 声誉, 名声, 爆炸声 v. 报导, 汇报, 报到, 告发

[223]④These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

fetch (1)  [fetʃ] vt. 接来, 取来, 带来, 售得, 引出, 吸引, 到达, 演绎出 vi. 取物, 绕道而行n.取得, 拿, 诡计, 魂
party (2)  ['pɑ:ti] n. 党, 政党, 随行人员, [律]当事人, 社交会
price (46)  [prais] n. 价格, 价钱, 代价 vt. 给...定价, 问...的价格, 标明价格
value (23)  ['vælju:, -ju] n. 价值, 估价, 评价, 价格, [数]值, 确切涵义 vt. 估价, 评价, 重视

[224]①Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working.

lobbying (1)

[225]②The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.

capital (11)  ['kæpitәl] n. 首都, 首府, 大写字母, 资本, 资金, 资产 adj. 首都的, 重要的, 死罪的, 大写的, <口>极好的
compromise (2)  ['kɔmprәmaiz] n. 妥协, 折衷 v. 妥协, 折衷, 危及...的安全
essential (6)  [i'senʃәl] adj. 本质的, 实质的, 基本的, 提炼的, 精华的 n. 本质, 实质, 要素, 要点
functioning (2)  ['fʌŋkʃәniŋ] 机能
independence (2)  [ˏindi'pendәns] n. 独立, 自主
proper (7)  ['prɔpә] adj. 适当的, 正确的, 固有的, 特有的, 有礼貌的, 正当的, 严格意义上的, 彻底的
unknowable (1)  [ʌn'nәuәbl] adj. 不能知道的, 不可知的

[226]③And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.

banking (6)  ['bæŋkiŋ] n. 银行业
buyer (4)  ['baiә] n. 买主, 顾客, 采购员
revive (1)  [ri'vaiv] v. (使)苏醒, (使)复兴, (使)复活, (使)再生效, 回想
toxic (2)  ['tɔksik] adj. 有毒的, 中毒的
unless (4)  [әn'les, ʌn'les] conj. 如果不, 除非

[227]①After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes.

bruising (1)
encounter (4)  [in'kauntә] v. 遭遇, 遇到, 相遇 n. 遭遇, 遭遇战
rush (3)  [rʌʃ] n. 匆促, 冲进, 急流, 灯芯草 vi. 冲, 奔, 闯, 赶紧, 涌现 vt. 使冲, 匆忙地做, 突袭, 飞跃, 用灯芯草做 adj. 急需的

[228]②These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.

flexibility (3)  [ˏfleksә'biliti] n. 弹性, 适应性, 机动性, 挠性
freedom (9)  ['fri:dәm] n. 自由, 自主, 直率, 特权
model (9)  ['mɔdl] n. 样式, 型, 模范, 典型, 模型, 原型, 模特儿 vt. 模仿 v. 模拟
recognize (5)  ['rekәgnaiz] vt. 认可, 承认, 公认, 赏识 vi. 具结

[229]③Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives."

cry (2)  [krai] vi. 哭, 流泪 v. 叫, 喊 n. 哭泣, 哭声, 叫喊, 喊声
motive (2)  ['mәutiv] n. 动机, 目的 adj. 发动的, 运动的

[230]④ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."

enhance (1)  [in'hɑ:ns] vt. 提高, 增强 v. 提高
judgment (3)  ['dʒʌdʒmәnt] n. 判断
lobby (3)  ['lɔbi] n. 大厅, 休息室, <美>游说议员者 vi. 游说议员, 经常出入休息室 vt. 对(议员)进行疏通
politely (1)  adv. 客气地, 斯文地, 优雅地
rise (17)  [raiz] n. 上升, 增加, 上涨, 高地, 小山, 发生, 出现 vi. 升起, 起身, 发源, 起义, 高耸, 增长, 上升, 复活 vt. 使飞起
share (13)  [ʃєә] n. 共享, 参与, 一份, 部分, 份额, 参股 vt. 分享, 均分, 共有, 分配 vi. 分享 [计] 使DOS支持文件共享和锁定

[231]①European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.

demand (22)  [di'mɑ:nd] n. 要求, 需求(量), 需要 v. 要求, 需要, 要求知道, 查询
instantly (1)  ['instәntli] adv. 立即地, 即刻地
likewise (2)  ['laikˏwaiz] adv. 同样地, 照样地, 又, 也 n. 同样地
minister (7)  ['ministә] n. 部长, 大臣

[232]②The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.

fold (2)  [fәuld] n. 折, 羊栏, 折痕, 信徒 vt. 折叠, 包, 合拢, 抱住, 笼罩, 调入, 交迭 vi. 折叠起来, 彻底失败
overall (5)  ['әuvәrɔ:l] adj. 全部的, 全面的
planning (2)  n. 计划编制
reconstruction (1)  ['ri:kәn'strʌkʃәn] n. 重建, 改造

[233]③Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.

commissioner (1)  [kә'miʃәnә] n. 委员, 专员
political (10)  [pә'litikәl] adj. 政治的, 行政上的
vacuum (2)  ['vækjuәm] n. 真空, 空间, 真空吸尘器 adj. 真空的, 产生真空的, 利用真空的 vt. 用真空吸尘器打扫
warn (6)  [wɔ:n] vt. 警告, 注意, 通知 vi. 发出警告, 发出预告

[234]①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.

account (23)  [ә'kaunt] n. 计算, 帐目, 说明, 估计, 理由 vi. 说明, 总计有, 认为, 得分 vt. 认为
overvalue (1)  ['әuvә'vælju:] vt. 对...定价过高, 估计过高
planet (6)  ['plænit] n. [天]行星
vastly (2)  ['vɑ:stli] adv. 广大地, 许多, 巨额地
wrong (8)  [rɔŋ] adj. 错误的, 不正当的, 道德不好的, 失常的 adv. 错误地 n. 坏事, 错误, 不公正

[235]②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.

debt (3)  [det] n. 债务, 罪过
extent (6)  [iks'tent] n. 广度, 宽度, 长度, 范围, 程度, 区域, [律]<英>扣押, <美>临时所有权令
overstate (1)  ['әuvә'steit] vt. 夸大的叙述, 夸张
temporary (1)  ['tempәrәri] adj. 暂时的, 临时的, 临时性

[236]④But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical.

below (9)  [bi'lәu] prep. 在...下面, adv.在下, 在页底
investor (4)  [in'vestә] n. 投资者
skeptical (3)  ['skeptikәl] adj. 怀疑性的,好怀疑的,<口>无神论的

[237]⑤ And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

bargain (1)  ['bɑ:gin] n. 契约, 合同, 成交商品, 便宜货 v. 议价
booking (1)  ['bukiŋ] n. 登记, 预约
dead (5)  [ded] adj. 死的, 无感觉的, 呆板的, 不流动的, (语言、习惯)废弃了的, 熄灭的 n. 死者 adv. 完全地, 绝对的, 突然的
fear (15)  [fiә] n. 恐怖, 害怕, 担心, 敬畏 v. 害怕, 畏惧, 为...担心, 敬畏(神等)
paralysis (3)  [pә'rælisis] n. 瘫痪, 麻痹
partly (5)  ['pɑ:tli] adv. 部分, 几分
reluctant (2)  [ri'lʌktәnt] adj. 不顾的, 勉强的, 难得到的, 难处理的

[238]①To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.

again (8)  [ә'gein] adv. 又, 再次, 此外, 再一次

[239]②America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.

mark (2)  [mɑ:k] n. 标志, 分数, 痕迹, 记号 vt. 做标记于, 打分数, 标志 vi. 作记号

[240]③Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.

combative (1)  ['kɔmbәtiv] adj. 好战的, 杀气的, 好斗的
independent (4)  [indi'pendәnt] n. 中立派, 无党派者 adj. 独立自主的, 不受约束的
successful (2)  [sәk'sesful] adj. 成功的

[241]④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests.

clean (1)  [kli:n] adj. 清洁的, 干净的, 清白的 v. 打扫, 使干净, 清扫
exactly (7)  [ig'zæktli] adv. 正确地, 严密地
hostility (3)  [hɔs'tiliti] n. 敌意, 恶意, 不友善, 敌对, 对抗, 反对
option (3)  ['ɔpʃәn] n. 选项, 选择权, [经]买卖的特权
stock (9)  [stɔk] n. 树干, 库存, 股票, 股份, 托盘, 祖先, 血统, 原料 adj. 股票的, 普通的, 常备的, 存货的, 繁殖用的 vt. 装把手于, 进货, 备有, 放牧 vi. 出新芽, 采购

[242]⑤But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.

concession (1)  [kәn'seʃәn] n. 让步
invite (5)  [in'vait] vt. 邀请, 引起 n. 邀请

[243]Habits are a funny thing.

funny (1)  ['fʌni] adj. 有趣的, 好笑的, 滑稽的, 奇异的, 古怪的 n. 滑稽人物

[244]We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.

comfort (2)  ['kʌmfәt] n. 安慰, 舒适, 安慰者 vt. 安慰, 使(痛苦等)缓和
familiar (5)  [fә'miljә] adj. 熟悉的, 常见的, 听惯的, 亲近的, 随便的 n. 密友, 熟客, 常客
mindlessly (1)
reach (13)  [ri:tʃ] n. 延伸, 区域, 河段, 范围, (车子前后轴的)联接杆, 横风行驶 vt. 到达, 达到, 伸出, 影响 vi. 达到, 延伸, 伸出手, 传开
relax (3)  [ri'læks] vi. 放松, 休息, 休养, 变从容 vt. 使松驰, 缓和, 使松懈, 使休息
routine (4)  [ru:'ti:n] n. 例行公事, 常规, 日常事务, 程序
unconscious (5)  [ʌn'kɔnʃәs] adj. 不省人事, 未发觉的, 无意识的

[245]“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.

herd (1)  [hә:d] n. 兽群, 牧群 v. 把...赶在一起放牧, 成群

[246]In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.

implication (8)  [ˏimpli'keiʃәn] n. 牵连, 含意, 暗示

[247]So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.

creativity (3)  [ˏkri:ei'tivәti] n. 创造力, 创造
innovation (11)  [ˏinәu'veiʃәn] n. 改革, 创新
paradoxical (1)  [ˏpærә'dɔksikәl] adj. 荒谬的

[248]But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

cell (12)  [sel] n. 单元, 细胞, 蜂房, (尤指监狱或寺院的)单人房间, 电池
consciously (5)  adv. 有意识地, 自觉地
discover (11)  [dis'kʌvә] vt. 发现, 发觉 v. 发现
entirely (9)  [in'taiәli] adv. 完全地, 全然地, 一概地
innovative (2)  ['inәuveitiv] adj. 创新的, 革新(主义)的
onto (4)  ['ɔntu] prep. 在...之上
parallel (5)  ['pærәlel] adj. 平行的, 相同的, 类似的, 并联的 n. 平行线, 平行面, 类似, 相似物 v. 相应, 平行
path (2)  [pɑ:θ] n. 小路, 小径, 路线, 轨道, 通道
track (7)  [træk] n. 轨迹, 车辙, 跟踪, 航迹, 足迹, 路, 磁轨, 途径 vt. 循路而行, 追踪, 通过, 用纤拉 vi. 追踪, 留下足迹, 走
train (5)  [trein] n. 火车, 列车, 行列, 后果, 顺序, 长队, 长袍(裙)拖地的部分, 导火线 vt. 训练, 培养, 瞄准, (园艺)整枝 vi. 锻炼

[249]Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.

creature (2)  ['kri:tʃә] n. 人, 动物, 傀儡, 创造物
dismiss (2)  [dis'mis] vt. 解散, 下课, 开除, 解职, 使(或让)离开 vi. 解散
ourselves (8)  [ˏauә'selvz] pron. 我们自己
unchangeable (1)  [ʌn'tʃeindʒәbl] adj. 不变的, 不能改变的

[250]In fact, the more new things we try---the more we step outside our comfort zone---the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.

creative (10)  [kri(:)'eitiv] adj. 创造性的
inherently (2)  [in'hiәrәntli] adv. 天性地, 固有地
personal (18)  ['pә:sәnl] adj. 私人的, 个人的, 亲自的, 容貌的, 身体的, 人身的, 针对个人的 adj. [语法]人称的
workplace (3)  工作场所, 车间
zone (1)  [zәun] n. 地域, 地带, 地区, 环带, 圈 vt. 环绕, 使分成地带 vi. 分成区

[251]But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay.

kill (7)  [kil] v. 杀死, 毁掉, 杀伤
off (22)  [ɔ:f, ɔf] adj. 远的, 空闲的, 不工作的 adv. 离开, 在远方, 离去, 分离, 中断, 完成 prep. 从...离开, 脱离
procedure (6)  [prә'si:dʒә] n. 程序, 手续
rut (1)  [rʌt] n. 车辙, 常轨, 定例, 惯例 v. 在...形成车辙

[252]Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

bypass (2)  ['baipɑ:s; (US) 'baipæs] n. 旁路 vt. 设旁路, 迂回
deliberately (2)  [di'libәrәtli] adv. 故意地
ingrain (1)  [in'grein] vt. 生染, 就原料染色, 使根深蒂固 adj. 生染的, 根深蒂固的 n. 生染的纤维, 原料染色, 本质
pathway (2)  ['pɑ:θwei] n. 路, 径
road (8)  [rәud] n. 路, 道路, 公路, 大道

[253]“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.

consultant (2)  [kәn'sʌltәnt] n. 顾问, 商议者, 咨询者
fascination (1)  [fæsi'neiʃ(ә)n] n. 魔力, 入迷, 魅力, 迷恋, 强烈爱好
professional (22)  [prә'feʃәnl] n. 自由职业者, 专业人员, 职业运动员, 职业艺人 adj. 专业的, 职业的

[254]“But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ”

decide (8)  [di'said] v. 决定, 判决
himself (8)  [him'self] pron. 他自己, 他亲自
teach (5)  [ti:tʃ] v. 讲授, 教授

[255]She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.

possibility (8)  [ˏpɔsi'biliti] n. 可能性, 可能发生的事物

[256]A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

explore (3)  [iks'plɔ:] v. 探险, 探测, 探究
thinker (3)  ['θiŋkә] n. 思想者, 思想家, 心智

[257]All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says.

unaware (5)  ['ʌnә'wєә] adj. 不知道的, 没觉察到的

[258]Researchers in the late 1960 discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively.

analytically (1)
bear (11)  [bєә] n. 熊 v. 负担, 忍受, 带给, 具有, 挤, 向
capacity (13)  [kә'pæsiti] n. 容量, 生产量, 容量, 智能, 才能, 能力, 接受力, 地位
collaboratively (1)
four (8)  [fɔ:] num. 四, 四个, 第四(卷,章,叶等)
human (40)  ['hju:mәn] n. 人, 人类 adj. 人的, 人类的, 人性的, 有同情心的
late (24)  [leit] adj. 迟的, 晚(期)的, 已故的, 新近的 adv. 晚, 迟, 最近, 在晚期
primary (6)  ['praimәri] adj. 第一位的, 主要的, 初步的, 初级的, 原来的, 根源的

[259]At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

adolescence (1)  [ˏædәu'lesәns] n. 青春期(一般指成年以前由13至15的发育期)
mode (2)  [mәud] n. 方式, 模式, 样式, 时尚 n. DOS命令：完成有关在处理器和屏幕, 打印机和键盘之间传递数据的各种功能
preserve (3)  [pri'zә:v] vt. 保护, 保持, 保存, 保藏 vi. 做蜜饯, 禁猎 n. 蜜饯, 果酱, 禁猎地, 禁区, 防护物
thought (19)  [θɔ:t] n. 思考, 想法, 思想, 思潮, 关心, 关怀, 挂念 vbl. think的过去式和过去分词

[260]The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.

analysis (4)  [ә'nælisis] n. 分析, 分解
collaborative (1)  [kә'læbәreitiv] adj. 合作的, 协作的, 协力完成的
emphasis (6)  ['emfәsis] n. 强调, 重点
highlight (1)  ['hailait] n. 加亮区, 精彩场面, 最显著(重要)部分 vt. 加亮, 使显著, 以强光照射, 突出
standardized (3)  ['stændәˏdaizd] 标准的, 定型的 -zing
testing (8)  ['testiŋ] n. 测试 adj. 与试验有关的, 试验的

[261]“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness.

commonness (1)  n. 普通, 平凡, 共性
foster (1)  ['fɔstә] vt. 养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励, 抱(希望)  n. 养育者, 鼓励者
perpetuate (1)  [pә(:)'petjueit] vt. 使永存, 使不朽

[262]Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”

excellence (2)  ['eksәlәns] n. 优秀, 卓越, 优点, 美德

[263]It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom — or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.

boost (1)  [bu:st] v. 推进
confirm (2)  [kәn'fә:m] vt. 确定, 批准, 使巩固, 使有效 v. 确认, (基督教中)给...行按手礼
dad (1)  [dæd] n. 爸爸, 爹爹
father (8)  ['fɑ:eә] n. 父亲, 岳父, 公(丈夫的父亲), 祖先, 前辈, 长辈, 神父, 创始者 vt. 当...的父亲, 保护, 创立, 治理, 发明, 培养
fatherly (1)  ['fɑ:eәli] adj. 父亲的, 如父亲的, 慈爱的, 爱护的
paternal (1)  [pә'tә:nl] adj. 父亲的, 象父亲的
wisdom (2)  ['wizdәm] n. 智慧, 明智的行为, 学识, 名言, 贤人, 至理名言
wise (1)  [waiz] adj. 英明的, 明智的, 慎虑的, 聪明的, 博学的, 明白的, 贤明的, 狡猾的 vi. 知道 vt. 告诉, 劝导 n. 方法, 方式

[264]All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore— and another $120 to get the results.

drugstore (1)  [drʌg'stɔ:] n. <美> 药房, 杂货店
kit (2)  [kit] n. 成套工具, 用具包, 工具箱, 成套用具
local (11)  ['lәukәl] adj. 地方的, 当地的, 局部的, 乡土的 n. 当地居民, 本地新闻, 慢车, 局部
paternity (2)  [pә'tә:niti] n. 父权, 父子关系
shell (3)  [ʃel] n. 贝壳, 壳, 外形, 炮弹 vt. 去壳, 脱落, 炮轰 vi. 剥落, 脱壳 [计] 设定命令行解释器的位置

[265]More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.

fog (1)  [fɔg] n. 雾, 烟雾, 尘雾, 迷惑, 苔藓 vi. 被雾笼罩, 变模糊 vt. 使困惑, 以雾笼罩
officer (5)  ['ɔfisә] n. ZF官员, 军官, 警官, 船长 vt. 指挥
prescription (1)  [pri'skripʃәn] n. 指示, 规定, 命令, 处方, 药方

[266]More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

dollar (9)  ['dɔlә] n. 元, 美元
dozen (2)  ['dʌzn] n. 一打, 十二个
hundred (8)  ['hʌndrәd, '-drid] n. 一百个(人或物)一组, 许多 num. 百, 百个 adj. 许多的

[267]Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.

adopt (3)  [ә'dɔpt] vt. 采用, 收养
adoption (1)  [ә'dɔpʃәn] n. 采用, 收养
family (43)  ['fæmili] n. 家庭, 家族, 家属, 亲属, 子女, 僚属 adj. 家庭的, 家族的
kinship (1)  ['kinʃip] n. 血族关系
popular (2)  ['pɔpjulә] adj. 通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的
relative (6)  ['relәtiv] n. 亲戚, 关系词, 相关物, 亲缘植物 adj. 有关系的, 相对的, 比较而言的

[268]DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.

geographic (1)  [ˏdʒiә'græfik] adj. 地理学的, 地理的
root (10)  [ru:t] n. 根, 根部, 根本, 根源 v. (使)生根, (使)扎根, 使立定不动, 坚定不移, 确立

[269]Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.

mouth (2)  [mauθ] n. 口, 嘴
saliva (1)  [sә'laivә] n. 口水, 唾液
swab (1)  [swɔb] n. 拖把, 药签 vt. 拭抹, 擦洗

[270]All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

whom (8)  [hu:m, hum] pron. 谁

[271]But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.

ancestry (2)  ['ænsistri] n. 祖先(集合称), 家系, 血统
false (1)  [fɔ:ls] adj. 错误的, 虚伪的, 假的, 无信义的, 伪造的, 人工的, 不老实的 adv. 欺诈地
hawk (1)  [hɔ:k] n. 鹰, 掠夺他人的人, 鹰派成员 vi. 放鹰, 像鹰一般地袭击, 清嗓, 咳嗽 vt. 捕捉, 咳出, 兜售, (沿街)叫卖, 散播
precision (3)  [pri'siʒәn] n. 精确, 精密度, 精度
sociologist (2)  [sәusiә'lɔdʒist] n. 社会学家

[272]Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.

chromosome (1)  ['krәumәsәum] n. [生物]染色体
inherit (1)  [in'herit] vt. 继承, 遗传而得
lineage (1)  ['liniidʒ] n. 血统, 世系
mitochondrial (1)
y (1)  [wai] n. 字母y

[273]This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

ancestor (5)  ['ænsistә] n. 祖先, 祖宗
generation (20)  [ˏdʒenә'reiʃәn] n. 产生, 发生, 一代, 一代人
genetic (5)  [dʒi'netik] adj. 遗传的, 起源的
reveal (9)  [ri'vi:l] vt. 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
six (5)  [siks] num. 六, 六个

[274]Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.

reference (3)  ['refrәns] n. 提及, 涉及, 参考, 参考书目, 证明书(人), 介绍信(人)
sample (1)  ['sæmpl] n. 标本, 样品, 例子 vt. 取样, 采样, 抽取...的样品, 试验的一部分, 尝试

[275]Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.

database (12)  ['deitәbeis] n. [计] 数据库, 资料库
datum (19)  ['deitәm] n. 数据, 资料
lump (3)  [lʌmp] n. 块（尤指小块）, 肿块, 笨人 vt. 使成块状, 混在一起, 忍耐, 笨重地移动 vi. 结块
project (6)  ['prɔdʒekt] n. 计划, 方案, 事业, 企业, 工程 v. 设计, 计划, 投射, 放映, 射出, 发射(导弹等), 凸出
rely (4)  [ri'lai] v. 依赖, 依靠, 信赖, 信任, 依赖于
systematically (1)  [sistә'mætikәli] adv. 系统地, 有系统地

[276]This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results.

depend (11)  [di'pend] vi. 依靠, 依赖
differ (3)  ['difә] vi. 不一致, 不同
lot (12)  [lɔt] n. 签, 抽签, 一堆, 许多, 命运, 一块地, 份额 vt. 划分 vi. 抽签, 抓阄
region (5)  ['ri:dʒәn] n. 区域, 地方, (世界上某个特定的)地区, (艺术,科学等的)领域, (大气, 海水等的)层

[277]In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

addition (4)  [ә'diʃәn] n. 加, 加起来, 增加物, 增加, 加法
estimate (7)  ['estimeit] v. 估计, 估价, 评估 n. 估计, 估价, 评估
evaluation (1)  [iˏvælju'eiʃәn] n. 估价, 评价, 赋值
patented (1)

[278]The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike, progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.

alike (4)  [ә'laik] adj. 相同的, 相似的 adv. 以同样的方式, 类似于
area (8)  ['єәriә] n. 范围, 区域, 面积, 地区, 空地
development (15)  [di'velәpmәnt] n. 发展
economic (35)  [ˏi:kә'nɔmik] adj. 经济(上)的, 产供销的, 经济学的
economist (8)  [i:'kɔnәmist] n. 经济学者, 经济家, [古]节俭的人, 节约者
formal (7)  ['fɔ:mәl] adj. 外形的, 正式的, 合礼仪的, 形式的, 整齐匀称的 n. 正式的社交活动
growth (28)  [grәuθ] n. 生长, 种植, 栽培, 发育, 等比级数
misunderstand (1)  ['misʌndә'stænd] vt. 误解, 误会
poor (10)  [puә] adj. 贫穷的, 可怜的, 乏味的, 卑鄙的
priority (1)  [prai'ɔriti] n. 先, 前, 优先, 优先权
progress (9)  ['prәugres] n. 前进, 进步, 发展 vi. 前进, 进步, 进行
rapid (6)  ['ræpid] adj. 迅速的, 飞快的, 险峻的 n. 急流, 高速交通工具, 高速交通网
undoubtedly (1)  [ʌn'dautidli] adv. 无庸置疑地, 的确地

[279]We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.

build (16)  [bild] v. 建造, 建筑 n. 构造, 体格, 体形
educational (11)  [ˏedju(:)'keiʃәnl] adj. 教育的, 教育性的
fortunate (1)  ['fɔ:tʃәnit] adj. 幸运的, 幸福的

[280]The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

achieve (10)  [ә'tʃi:v] vt. 完成, 达到
consistently (10)  一贯地，一向，始终如一地
living (11)  ['liviŋ] n. 生活, 生计, 生存空间, 居住面积 adj. 活的, 起作用的, 逼真的, 现存的
productivity (20)  [ˏprɔdʌk'tiviti] n. 生产力
radically (5)  ['rædikәli] adv. 根本上, 以激进的方式
standard (14)  ['stændәd] n. 旗, 军旗, 标准, 规格, 本位 adj. 标准的, 权威, 第一流的

[281]Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.

ironically (3)  adv. 说反话地, 讽刺地

[282]Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.

enter (3)  ['entә] vt. 进入, 加入, 参加, 登录, 开始 vi. 进去, [戏]登场, 参加 n. 输入, [计]回车
peak (2)  [pi:k] n. 山顶, 顶点, 帽舌, (记录的)最高峰 adj. 最高的 vi. 到达最高点, 消瘦, 缩小 vt. 使竖起, 使达到最高点
recession (1)  [ri'seʃәn] n. 撤回, 退回, 退后, 工商业之衰退, 不景气

[283]The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance.

deride (1)  [di'raid] vt. 嘲弄, 嘲笑
educate (11)  ['edju(:)keit] vt. 教育, 训练, 培养 v. 教育
poorly (1)  ['puәli] adv. 贫穷地, 贫乏地 adj. 身体不舒服的, 心情恶劣的
workforce (3)  n. 劳动力工人总数，职工总数

[284]Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.

global (10)  ['glәubәl] adj. 球形的, 全球的, 全世界的
remain (18)  [ri'mein] vi. 保持, 逗留, 剩余, 残存

[285]Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

counterpart (3)  ['kauntәpɑ:t] n. 副本, 极相似的人或物, 配对物
factory (3)  ['fæktәri] n. 工厂, 制造厂, 商住花园外的代理
percent (32)  [pә'sent] n. 百分比, 百分数
training (11)  ['treiniŋ] n. 训练, 练习 adj. 训练的

[286]More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

complexity (2)  [kәm'pleksiti] n. 复杂(性), 复杂的事物, 复杂性
construction (1)  [kәn'strʌkʃәn] n. 建筑, 建筑物, 解释, 造句
examine (5)  [ig'zæmin] v. 检查, 调查, 考试
housing (1)  ['hauziŋ] n. 供给住宅, 住宅群, 机架, 住房供给
illiterate (1)  [i'litәrit] n. 文盲 adj. 不识字的, 没受教育的
industry (17)  ['indәstri] n. 工业, 产业, 行业, 勤奋
meet (7)  [mi:t] n. 会, 集会 adj. 适宜的, 合适的 vt. 遇见, (迎)接, 与(某人目光)相遇, (赴约)和...会面, (经介绍)与...相识, 对付 vi. 相遇, 接触
recently (10)  ['ri:sәntli] adv. 最近
speak (10)  [spi:k] v. 说话, 谈话, 说明事实, 表示意见, 发言, 演讲, 操(某种语言)

[287]We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it.

continue (17)  [kәn'tinju:] v. 继续, 连续, 延伸
suspect (3)  [sәs'pekt] n. 嫌疑犯 adj. 令人怀疑的, 不可信的, 可疑的 v. 怀疑, 猜想, 对...有所觉察

[288]When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.

food (9)  [fu:d] n. 食物, 养料
gatherer (1)  ['gæeәrә] 收集器收集者
hunter (3)  ['hʌntә] n. 猎人

[289]Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

humanity (3)  [hju(:)'mæniti] n. 人性, 人类, 博爱, 仁慈
productive (7)  [prә'dʌktiv] adj. 生产性的, 生产的, 能产的, 多产的

[290]When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.

afford (3)  [ә'fɔ:d] vt. 提供, 给予, 供应得起
push (14)  [puʃ] n. 推, 推动, 奋发, 干劲, 进取心, 攻击 vt. 推, 推动, 推行, 逼迫, 增加 vi. 推, 推进, 增加, 努力争取

[291]This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.

advanced (2)  [әd'vɑ:nst] adj. 高级的, 年老的, 先进的
increasingly (8)  [in'kri:siŋli] adv. 日益, 愈加
sufficient (5)  [sә'fiʃәnt] adj. 充分的, 足够的

[292]Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.

able (7)  ['eibl] adj. 能...的, 有才能的, 能干的, 能够的
poverty (4)  ['pɔvәti] n. 贫穷, 贫困, 贫乏, 缺少
trap (4)  [træp] n. 圈套, 陷阱, 诡计, 活板门, 存水弯, 汽水闸, (双轮)轻便马车 vi. 设圈套, 设陷阱 vt. 诱捕, 诱骗, 计捉, 设陷, 坑害, 使受限制

[293]A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.

constrain (1)  [kәn'strein] vt. 强迫, 抑制, 拘束
foreseeable (1)  [fɔ:'si:әbl] adj. 可预知的, 能预测的, 能看透的
lack (2)  [læk] n. 缺乏, 短缺的东西 vt. 缺乏, 没有, 需要 vi. 缺乏, 没有
substantially (3)  [sәb'stænʃ(ә)li] adv. 充分地

[294]On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.

constraint (2)  [kәn'streint] n. 约束, 强制, 局促
contrary (4)  ['kɔntrәri] adj. 相反的, 逆的, <口语>执拗 n. 反面 adv. 相反地

[295]The most thoroughly intellectuals studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.

history (12)  ['histәri] n. 历史, 历史学, 过去的事(的记载), 来历, 历史记录
thoroughly (1)  ['θʌrәli] adv. 十分地, 彻底地

[296]According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”

attach (3)  [ә'tætʃ] vt. 缚上, 系上, 贴上 v. 配属, 隶属于
colonial (1)  [kә'lәunjәl] adj. 殖民的, 殖民地的 n.殖民地居民
nowhere (4)  ['nәuhwєә] adv. 无处, 到处都无
philosophy (2)  [fi'lɔsәfi] n. 哲学, 哲学体系, 达观, 冷静
pursuit (7)  [pә'sju:t] n. 追击

[297]According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

article (8)  ['ɑ:tikl] n. 文章, 论文, 物品, 商品, 项目, 条款 v. 清楚说出 adj. 表达清晰的
dominant (1)  ['dɔminәnt] adj. 有统治权的, 占优势的, 支配的 adj. [生物] 显性的
preoccupation (2)  [pri(:)ˏɔkju'peiʃәn] n. 当务之急
unfold (1)  [ʌn'fәuld] vt. 打开, 显露, 开展, 阐明 vi. 伸展, 开花, 呈现 vt. 放(羊)出栏

[298]To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.

distinctive (1)  [dis'tiŋktiv] adj. 与众不同的, 有特色的
neglect (1)  [ni'glekt] vt. 忽视, 疏忽, 漏做 n. 忽视, 疏忽, 漏做
normally (2)  ['nɔ:mәli] adv. 正常地, 通常地
theological (1)  [θiә'lɔdʒikәl] adj. 神学的, 神学上的

[299]But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New World circumstances.

adjust (3)  [ә'dʒʌst] vt. 调整, 调节, 校准, 使适合
carrier (2)  ['kæriә] n. 运送者, 邮递员, 带菌者, (自行车等)行李架, 搬运器, 航空母舰 n. [电]载波（信号）
circumstance (1)  ['sә:kәmstәns] n. 环境, 详情, 境况
examination (4)  [igˏzæmi'neiʃәn] n. 考试, 检查, 细查
original (3)  [ә'ridʒәnәl] adj. 最初的, 原始的, 独创的, 新颖的 n. 原物, 原作
southern (3)  ['sʌeәn] adj. 南的, 南方的

[300]The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

civility (1)  [si'viliti] n. 礼貌, 端庄
colony (2)  ['kɔlәni] n. 殖民地, 侨民, (聚居的)一群同业, 一批同行, (生物)群体
episode (1)  ['episәud] n. 一段情节, [音]插曲, 插话, 有趣的事件
ideal (7)  [ai'diәl] n. 理想 adj. 理想的, 完美的, 想象的, 观念的, 唯心论的
virtuosity (1)  [ˏvә:tju'ɔsiti] n. 艺术鉴别力

[301]The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.

early (28)  ['ә:li] adj. 早的, 早熟的, 及早的, 早先的, 早期的 adv. 早, 在初期
settler (3)  ['setlә] n. 移民者, 殖民者, [律]财产赠予者, 托管财产者

[302]`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.

church (6)  [tʃә:tʃ] n. 教堂, 礼拜堂, 教会, 教派, [宗]礼拜
gentleman (3)  ['dʒentlmәn] n. 阁下, 先生, 有身分的人, 绅士,男厕所, 男盥洗室
journey (4)  ['dʒә:ni] n. 旅行, 旅程 v. 旅行
ninety (1)  ['nainti] num. 九十

[303]There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

atmosphere (5)  ['ætmәsfiә] n. 大气, 空气, 气氛
earnestness (1)
extensively (1)  adv. 广阔地

[304]While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.

analyze (1)  ['ænәlaiz] vt. 分析, 分解
craftsman (1)  ['krɑ:ftsmәn] n. 工匠, 手艺精巧的人, 艺术家
dependent (2)  [di'pendәnt] adj. 依靠的, 依赖的, 由...决定的, 随...而定的
farmer (1)  ['fɑ:mә] n. 农夫, 百姓, 农民, 农场主, 承包主, 牧场主, 畜牧者
fully (16)  ['fuli] adv. 充分地, 完全地, 足足, 至少
intellectualize (1)  [ˏinti'lektjuәlaiz] vt. 赋与理智, 使知识化, 使理智化

[305]Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.

superstitious (1)  [ˏsju:pә'stiʃәs] adj. 迷信的

[306]A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.

emigrate (1)  ['emigreit] vi. 永久(使)移居 vt. (使)移民
tailor (1)  ['teilә] n. 裁缝 vt. 剪裁, 缝制(衣服)～, 适应, 适合 v. 制做

[307]sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”

confusion (4)  [kәn'fju:ʒәn] n. 混乱, 混淆
decisive (1)  [di'saisiv] adj. 决定性的
fate (1)  [feit] n. 天数, 命运, 运气 vt. 注定, 送命
frustration (3)  [frʌs'treiʃәn] n. 挫败, 挫折, 受挫
magical (1)  ['mædʒikәl] adj. 不可思议的
religious (6)  [ri'lidʒәs] adj. 信奉宗教的, 虔诚的, 宗教上的, 修道的, 严谨的 n. 僧侣, 尼姑, 修道士
settle (6)  ['setl] n. 有背的长凳 vt. 安放, 使定居, 安排, 解决, 决定, 整理, 支付, 使平静 vi. 安家, 定居, 停留, 下陷, 沉淀, 决定, 澄清
sexual (1)  ['seksjuәl] adj. 性的, 性别的, [生]有性的
shall (5)  [ʃæl, ʃәl, ʃl] v. aux.将, 会
touch (4)  [tʌtʃ] n. 触, 触觉, 接触, 联系, 轻触, 碰, 缺点, 格调 vt. 接触, 触摸, 触及, 达到, 涉及, 点缀, 使接触, 感动 vi. 触摸, 接近, 涉及, 提到
unclean (1)  ['ʌn'kli:n; ʌn'klin] adj. 不洁的, 含糊不清的

[308]One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.

careful (1)  ['kєәful] adj. 小心的, 仔细的
puritan (1)
sermon (1)  ['sә:mәn] n. 训诫, 说教, 布道

[309]Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion.

clergyman (1)  ['klә:dʒimәn] n. 牧师, 教士
coast (1)  [kәust] n. 海岸, 滑坡 v. 沿海岸而行
confront (6)  [kәn'frʌnt] vt. 使面临, 对抗
meanwhile (3)  ['mi:nwail; (US) 'minhwail] (=meantime) n.其间, 其时 adv. 其间
mock (1)  [mɔk] v. 嘲笑, 骗, 挫败, 嘲弄 adj. 假的 n. 嘲弄, 模仿, 仿制品
religion (9)  [ri'lidʒәn] n. 宗教, 信仰
slight (1)  [slait] adj. 轻微的, 微小的

[310]“Our main end was to catch fish.”

catch (6)  [kætʃ] n. 捕捉, 捕获物, (窗)钩 v. 捕获, 赶上(车船等), 发觉, 感染（疾病） vi. 抓住，燃着
fish (5)  [fiʃ] n. 鱼, 鱼肉, 鱼类, 接合板 vt. 钓, 钓鱼, 查出, 用接合板连接 vi. 捕鱼, 钓鱼, 用钩捞取, 间接探听, 拉摸索寻找
main (3)  [mein] n. 主要部分, 体力, 力量, 大陆, 要点, 干线 adj. 主要的, 重要的, 全力的 n. [计] 主群组

[311]While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.

ahead (5)  [ә'hed] adj. adv.在前, 向前, 提前, 在前面
category (1)  ['kætigәri] n. 种类, 别, [逻]范畴
modern (9)  ['mɔdәn] n. 现代人, 有思想的人 adj. 近代的, 现代的, 现代化的, 时髦的
sphere (1)  [sfiә] n. 球, 球体, 范围, 领域, 方面, 圈子, 半球
undesirable (1)  ['ʌndi'zaiәrәbl] adj. 不合需要的, 不受欢迎的, 令人不快的
woman (21)  ['wumәn] n. 女人, 妇女, 女仆 adj. 女人的, 女性的, 妇女的 vt. 为...配备妇女, 使成女人腔

[312]“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

anxiety (3)  [æŋg'zaiәti] n. 忧虑, 焦急, 渴望, 热望
depression (4)  [di'preʃәn] n. 沮丧, 消沉, 低气压, 低压
disorder (1)  [dis'ɔ:dә] n. 杂乱, 混乱, 无秩序状态 vt. 扰乱, 使失调, 使紊乱
particularly (8)  [pә'tikjulәli] adv. 独特地, 显著地
psychiatrist (1)  [sai'kaiәtrist; (US) si-] n. 精神病医师, 精神病学家
stress (13)  [stres] n. 重压, 逼迫, 压力, 重点, 着重, 强调, 重音 vt. 着重, 强调, 重读
susceptible (1)  [sә'septәbl] adj. 易受影响的, 易感动的, 容许...的 n. (因缺乏免疫力而)易得病的人

[313]①Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

animal (31)  ['ænimәl] n. 动物
chemical (6)  ['kemikәl] adj. 化学的 n. 化学制品, 化学药品 n. 化学药品
female (8)  ['fi:meil] n. 女性, 女人, 雌兽 adj. 女性的, 女子的, 妇女的, 雌的, 柔弱的, (声, 色)柔和的
hormone (1)  ['hɔ:mәun] n. 荷尔蒙, 激素
male (6)  [meil] adj. 男的, 雄的, 男性
somehow (4)  ['sʌmhau] adv. 不知何故
trigger (1)  ['trigә] vt. 引发, 引起, 触发 n. 板机

[314]②In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

equal (8)  ['i:kwәl] adj. 相等的, 均等的, 胜任的, 平静的, 合适的, 不相上下的 n. 相等的事物(或数量), 对手, 匹敌, 同辈 vt. 等于, 比得上
organ (1)  ['ɔ:gәn] n. [机]元件, 机构, 机关, 机关报 [乐]风琴, 管风琴, 嗓音 [生物]器官
ovary (1)  ['әuvәri] n. (生物)卵巢, (植物)子房
rat (1)  [ræt] n. 老鼠
reproductive (1)  ['ri:prә'dʌktiv] adj. 生殖的, 再生的, 复制的

[315]③Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.

dose (3)  [dәus] n. 剂量, (一)剂, (一)服 v. (给...)服药

[316]“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.

cope (6)  [kәup] vi. (善于)应付, (善于)处理
necessarily (3)  ['nesisәrili; nesi'serili] adv. 必要地

[317]“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

sooner (1)  ['su:nә] [美](在ZF开放西部前)抢先取得占有权的人, 用不正当手段先下手的人
tolerate (1)  ['tɔlәreit] vt. 忍受, 容忍
visibly (1)  ['vizib(ә)li] adv. 显然

[318]“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.

chronic (2)  ['krɔnik] adj. 慢性的, 延续很长的
expose (4)  [iks'pәuz] vt. 使暴露, 受到, 使曝光 v. 揭露
repeated (1)  [ri'pi:tid] adj. 重复的, 再三的

[319]Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.

combat (1)  ['kɔmbәt] n. 战斗, 格斗 v. 战斗, 搏斗, 抗击
men (1)  [men] n. man 的复数

[320]Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.

physical (6)  ['fizikәl] adj. 身体的, 物质的, 自然的, 物理的 n. 体格检查
random (5)  ['rændәm] n. 随意, 任意 adj. 任意的, 随便的, 胡乱的 adv. 胡乱地
violence (4)  ['vaiәlәns] n. 猛烈, 强烈, 暴力, 暴虐, 暴行, 强暴

[321]④The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.

domestic (2)  [dә'mestik] adj. 家庭的, 国内的, 与人共处的, 驯服的
situation (7)  [ˏsitju'eiʃәn] n. 情形, 境遇, (建筑物等的)位置

[322]The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”

devastating (1)  ['devәsteitiŋ] adj. 破坏性的, 全然的

[323]Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.

birth (7)  [bә:θ] n. 出生, 产生, 出身
college (3)  ['kɔlidʒ] n. (综合大学中的)学院, (独立的)学院, <美>大学, <英>公学, 书院, 高等专科学院, 大学, 学会
determine (18)  [di'tә:min] v. 决定, 确定, 测定, 使下定决心, [律]使终止
finish (1)  ['finiʃ] n. 完成, 结束, 磨光, 末道漆, 完美 vt. 完成, 结束, 用完, 毁掉, 使完美 vi. 结束, 终结, 停止, 终止
marry (3)  ['mæri] vt. 娶, 嫁, 和...结婚
son (3)  [sʌn] n. 儿子, 女婿, (长者对年轻男子的称呼)孩子

[324]“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.

struggle (4)  ['strʌgl] n. 竞争, 努力, 奋斗 vi. 努力, 奋斗, 挣扎 vt. 尽力使得, 使劲移动

[325]Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother.

marriage (1)  ['mæridʒ] n. 结婚, 婚姻, 婚姻生活, 密切结合, 合并

[326]“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.

car (11)  [kɑ:] n. 汽车, 小汽车, 车辆, 客车, [铁]车厢
rent (1)  [rent] v. 租, 租借, 出租 n. 租金
teenager (2)  ['ti:nˏeidʒә] n. 十几岁的青少年

[327]I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”

paycheck (2)  ['peitʃek] n. 付薪水的支票, 薪水

[328]Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.

severe (2)  [si'viә] adj. 严厉的, 严格的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的

[329]But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.

feel (16)  [fi:l] vt. 摸, 触, 试探, 感觉, 觉得, 触摸, 以为 vi. 有知觉, (人)有某种感觉, 摸索, 同情 n. 感觉, 觉得, 触摸
obligation (1)  [ˏɔbli'geiʃәn] n. 义务, 职责, 债务
strain (3)  [strein] n. 过度的疲劳, 紧张, 张力, 应变 vt. 扭伤, 损伤 v. 拉紧, 扯紧, (使)紧张, 尽力

[330]⑤Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

diffuse (1)  [di'fju:z] v. 散播, 传播, 漫射, 扩散, (使)慢慢混合 adj. 散开的, 弥漫的
threaten (8)  ['θretn] vt. 恐吓, 威胁, 预示(危险), 似有发生或来临的可能, 可能来临

[331]It used to be so straightforward.

straightforward (1)  [streit'fɔ:wәd] adj. 正直的, 坦率的, 简单的, 易懂的, 直接了当的 adv. 坦率地

[332]A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.

journal (18)  ['dʒә:nl] n. 定期刊物, 杂志, 航海日记, 分类账
laboratory (6)  [lә'bɔrәtәri, 'læbәrәtәri] n. 实验室
submit (1)  [sәb'mit] v. (使)服从, (使)顺从 vt. 提交, 递交
team (6)  [ti:m] n. 队, 组

[333]A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.

affiliation (1)  [әˏfili'eiʃәn] n. 联系, 从属关系
paper (17)  ['peipә] n. 纸, 报纸, 文件, 证件, 论文, 考卷 vt. 用纸糊(墙壁等), 用纸包装 adj. 纸的, 象纸的, 纸上的

[334]Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.

comment (5)  ['kɔment] n. 注释, 评论, 意见 vi. 注释, 评论

[335]Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

copyright (1)  ['kɔpirait] n. 版权, 著作权
publisher (9)  ['pʌbliʃә(r)] n. 出版者, 发行人
rest (6)  [rest] n. 休息, 静止, 支持物, 台, 架, [音]休止符, 其余, 其他 vi. 休息, 睡眠, 静止, 依靠, 搁在, 保持(状态), 取决于 vt. 使休息, 使静止, 睡眠, 依靠, 搁在
subscribe (3)  [sәb'skraib] v. 捐款, 订阅, 签署(文件), 赞成, 预订

[336]①The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.

access (12)  ['ækses] n. 通路, 访问, 入门 vt. 存取, 接近
agency (3)  ['eidʒәnsi] n. 代理处, 行销处, 代理, 中介
reality (7)  [ri(:)'æliti] n. 真实, 事实, 本体, 逼真
restrict (1)  [ris'trikt] vt. 限制, 约束, 限定

[337]The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.

handsome (1)  ['hænsәm] adj. 英俊的, 大方的, 慷慨的, 美观的, 堂皇的
heavy (11)  ['hi:vi] adj. 重的, 繁重的, 巨大的, 沉重的, 阴沉的 adv. 沉重地, 笨重地, 大量地 n. 重物, 严肃角色
profit (8)  ['prɔfit] n. 利润, 益处, 得益 vi. 得益, 利用 vt. 有益于, 有利于
reading (3)  ['ri:diŋ] n. 阅读, 知识, 读物, 表演, 对法律条文的解释 adj. 阅读的

[338]It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

element (7)  ['elimәnt] n. 要素, 元素, 成分, 元件, 自然环境
endeavor (1)  [in'devә] n. 努力, 尽力 vi. 尽力, 努力
key (8)  [ki:] n. 钥匙, 关键, 解答, (打字机等的)键, 调子, 对译本, (开钟表、发条的)栓, 要害 vt. 调节...的音调, 锁上, 插上栓, 提供线索 vi. 使用钥匙 n. [乐]键, 调, 基调

[339]The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.

distribution (6)  [ˏdistri'bju:ʃәn] n. 分配, 分发, 配给物, 销售, 法院对无遗嘱死亡者财产的分配, 分布状态, 区分, 分类发送,发行
ready (4)  ['redi] adj. 有准备的, 准备完毕的, 甘心的, 情愿的, 现成的, 迅速的
return (14)  [ri'tә:n] n. 回来, 返回, 来回票, 利润, 回答 adj. 返回的, 回程的, 报答的, 反向的, 重现的 vi. 回返, 归还 vt. 归还, 回报, 报告, 获得, 回答, 返回
upon (5)  [ә'pɔn] prep. 在...之上
wide (11)  [waid] adj. 宽的, 广阔的, 张大的, 远离目标的 adv. 广阔地, 广大地, 远离目标地

[340]In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion.

billion (9)  ['biljәn] n. adj.十亿(的)
core (2)  [kɔ:] n. 果核, 中心, 核心
publishing (2)  ['pʌbliʃiŋ] adj. 出版的, 出版业的

[341]The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.

worldwide (1)  ['wә:ldwaid, -'waid] adj. 全世界的

[342]They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

million (20)  ['miljәn] num. 百万, 百万个 n. 无数

[343]According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.

scholarly (1)  ['skɔlәli] adj. 学者气质的, 学者风度的

[344]Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.

identify (10)  [ai'dentifai] vt. 识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样 v. 确定

[345]There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.

institutional (2)  [ˏinsti'tju:ʃәnәl] adj. 制度上的
subscriber (4)  [sʌbs'kraibә] n. 订户, 签署者, 捐献者
title (3)  ['taitl] n. 头衔, 名称, 标题, 冠军, 资格, 字幕, 权利, 扉页 vt. 赋予头衔, 加标题于 adj. 标题的, 用作书名的

[346]There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published.

ask (21)  [ɑ:sk] vi. 询问, 问, 要求 vt. 问, 要求, 需要, 邀请
employer (8)  [im'plɔiә] n. 雇主, 老板
typically (5)  ['tipikәli] adv. 代表性地, 作为特色地

[347]Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.

archive (1)  ['ɑ:kaiv] vt. 存档 n. 档案文件
international (5)  [ˏintә(:)'næʃәnәl] adj. 国际的, 世界的 n. 国际性组织, 国际比赛
repository (1)  [ri'pɔzitәri] n. 贮藏室, 智囊团, 知识库, 仓库

[348]②Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

delay (2)  [di'lei] v. 耽搁, 延迟, 延期, 迟滞 n. 耽搁, 延迟, 迟滞
freely (1)  ['fri:li] adv. 自由地, 直率地
hybrid (1)  ['haibrid] n. 杂种, 混血儿, 混合物 adj. 混合的, 杂种的
month (13)  [mʌnθ] n. 月

[349]In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.

foot (2)  [fut] n. 足, 底部, 英尺, 音步(英诗), 步调, 步兵, 末尾 vt. 走在...上, 支付, 给...换底, 结算 vi. 步行, 跳舞, 总计
list (7)

n. 目录, 名单, 列表, 序列, 数据清单, 明细表, 条纹, [总称]各种上市证券 vt. 列出, 列于表上, 记入名单内, 装布条 vi. 列于表上
player (13) ['pleiә] n. 做游戏的人, 比赛者, 演员, 演奏者, 表演者
seven (6) ['sevәn] num. 七, 七个

[350]①If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.

season (1) ['si:zn] n. 季, 季节 v. (使)适应, (使)适用, 调味

[351]②The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

dramatically (1)  [drә'mætikәli] adv. 戏剧地, 引人注目地
frame (2)  [freim] n. 结构, 体格 vt. 构成, 设计, 制定, 使适合, 陷害 vi. <英方>有成功希望 n. 帧,画面,框架
grow (27)  [grәu] vi. 生长, 成长, 渐渐变得, 增长, 增高 vt. 种植, 栽培, 培育
uniform (3)  ['ju:nifɔ:m] adj. 统一的, 相同的, 一致的, 始终如一的, 均衡的 n. 制服 vt. 使成一样, 使穿制服

[352]The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.

stop (11) [stɔp] n. 停止, 车站, 逗留, 障碍, 风琴的音栓, 填塞 vi. 停止, 被塞住 vt. 塞住, 堵塞, 阻止, 击落, 断绝, 终止, 难倒
unrecognized (1) ['ʌn'rekәgnaizd] adj. 未被承认的

[353]③Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

inch (3)  [intʃ] n. 英寸(=1/12英尺)
limit (9)  ['limit] n. 界限, 限度, 限制 vt. 限制, 限定
tall (2)  [tɔ:l] adj. 高的, 长的, 夸大的 adv. <俚> 夸大地

[354]“In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.

anthropologist (3)  [ˏænθrә'pɔlәdʒist] n. 人类学者, 人类学家
environmental (5)  [inˏvaiәrәn'mentl] adj. 周围的, 环境的 n. 环境论
pretty (4)  ['priti] adj. 漂亮的, 可爱的, 优美的, 机灵的, 恰当的

[355]In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.

height (6) [hait] n. 高度, 海拔, 高地(常用复数), 顶点

[356]④Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues.

calorie (1)  ['kælәri] n. 卡路里
feed (3)  [fi:d] n. 饲养, 饲料, (动物或婴儿的)一餐 vt. 喂养, 饲养, 放牧, 靠...为生 vi. 吃东西, 流入
notably (3)  ['nәutbәli] adv. 显著地, 特别地
nutrient (1)  ['nju:triәnt] adj. 有营养的
protein (1)  ['prәuti:n] n. [生化]蛋白质 adj. 蛋白质的
tissue (1)  ['tisju:] n. 薄的纱织品, 薄纸, 棉纸, [生]组织, 连篇

[357]At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.

childhood (1) ['tʃaildhud] n. 孩童时期
infection (3) [in'fekʃәn] n. [医] 传染, 传染病, 影响, 感染

[358]But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.

adolescent (1)  [ˏædәu'lesnt] adj. 青春期的, 青春的 n. 青少年
diet (3)  ['daiәt] n. 通常所吃的食物, 会议
pattern (7)  ['pætәn] n. 模范, 式样, 模式, 样品, 格调, 图案 vt. 模仿, 仿造, 以图案装饰 vi. 形成图案
secular (1)  ['sekjulә] adj. 长期的

[359]Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.

advantage (16)  [әd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n. 优势, 有利条件, 利益
avoid (7)  [ә'vɔid] vt. 避免, 消除
genetically (3)
substantial (4)  [sәb'stænʃәl] adj. 坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的

[360]During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.

canal (1)  [kә'næl] n. 运河, 小道, 导管, 槽, 沟渠 vt. 开运河
childbirth (1)  ['tʃaildbә:θ] n. 分娩
difficulty (1)  ['difikәlti] n. 困难, 难点

[361]Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.

bipedal (1)  ['baiˏpedɚl,bai'pe-] n. 两足动物 adj. 两足动物的
easily (6)  ['i:zili] adv. 容易地, 不费力地
impose (2)  [im'pәuz] vt. 征税, 强加, 以...欺骗 vi. 利用, 欺骗, 施影响
limb (1)  [lim] n. 肢, 翼, 分支
oversize (1)  ['әuvә'saiz] adj. 太大的 n. 特大型
posture (1)  ['pɔstʃә] n. (身体的)姿势, 体态, 状态, 情况, 心境, 态度 v. 令取某种姿势, 摆姿势, 作出姿态
repeat (5)  [ri'pi:t] n. 重复, 反复 vt. 重做, 复述, 向他人转述, 复制, 使再现 vi. 重复, 留有味道
upright (1)  ['ʌp'rait] adj. 垂直的, 竖式的, 正直的, 诚实的, 合乎正道的 adv. 笔直, 竖立着 n. 垂直, 竖立
withstand (1)  [wie'stænd] vt. 抵挡, 经受住

[362]“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

architecture (1) ['ɑ:kitektʃә] n. 建筑, 建筑学体系机构
organism (1) ['ɔ:gәnizәm] n. 生物体, 有机体

[363]Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon.

expect (11)  [iks'pekt] vt. 期待, 预期, 盼望, 指望, <口>(料)想, 认为
maximum (2)  ['mæksimәm] n. 最大量, 最大限度, 极大 adj. 最高的, 最多的, 最大极限的
soon (5)  [su:n] adv. 立刻, 不久, 快, 早, 宁愿

[364]⑤Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.

alteration (1)  [ˏɔ:ltә'reiʃәn] n. 变更, 改造
ensure (2)  [in'ʃuә] vt. 保证, 担保, 使安全, 保证得到 v. 确保, 确保, 保证
workstation (1)  ['wә:ksteiʃ(ә)n] n. 工作站工作站

[365]She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.

basketball (1) ['bɑ:skitbɔ:l] n. 篮球, 篮球运动
military (1) ['militәri] adj. 军事的, 军用的

[366]And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”

confident (1)  ['kɔnfidәnt] adj. 自信的, 确信的
design (3)  [di'zain] n. 设计, 图案, 花样, 企图, 图谋, (小说等的)构思, 纲要 v. 设计, 计划, 谋划, 构思
equipment (3)  [i'kwipmәnt] n. 装备, 设备, 器材, 装置, 铁道车辆, (一企业除房地产以外的)固定资产, 才能
fairly (2)  ['fєәli] adv. 公正地, 正当的, 公平对待某人, 公平地, 相当地, 还算, 清楚地
near (10)  [niә] adj. 亲近的, 亲密的, 近, (车, 马等)左侧的, 吝啬的 adv. (时间, 空间方面)近, 不远 prep. 在...近旁, 近... v. 接近, 走近
predict (8)  [pri'dikt] v. 预知, 预言, 预报

[367]In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless.

five (7)  [faiv] num. 五, 五个(人或物) n. 五个一组, <口>五厘息金的证券
nearly (8)  ['niәli] adv. 几乎, 密切地
toothless (1)  ['tu:θlis] adj. 无齿的

[368]So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

dentist (1)  ['dentist] n. 牙科医生
extract (1)  [iks'trækt] n. 精, 汁, 榨出物, 摘录, 选粹 vt. 拔出, 榨取, 开方, 求根, 摘录, 析取, 吸取
jaw (1)  [dʒɔ:] n. [解]颚, 颌, 下巴(用复数), (山谷、海峡等的)狭窄的入口, [机]叉钳, 钳夹 v. 闲谈, 教训, 唠叨
nine (2)  [nain] num. 九, 九个
slave (9)  [sleiv] n. 奴隶 v. 辛勤努力
tooth (1)  [tu:θ] n. 牙齿
transplant (1)  [træns'plɑ:nt] v. 移植, 移种, 移民, 迁移 n. 移植, 被移植物, 移居者

[369]That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.

remember (15) [ri'membә] vt. 回忆起, 铭记, 纪念 vi. 记得

[370]But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

founding (1)  ['faundiŋ] 铸造熔铸, 翻砂
historian (5)  [his'tɔ:riәn] n. 历史学家, 史家
slavery (5)  ['sleivәri] n. 奴隶身分, 奴隶制度, 苦役, 束缚

[371]①They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.

almost (17) ['ɔ:lmәust] adv. 几乎, 差不多
spur (1) [spә:] n. 踢马剌, 剌激物, (鸟, 虫等的)距, 刺激 v. 鞭策, 刺激, 疾驰, 驱策

[372]And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.

bottom (3) ['bɔtәm] n. 底, 底部, 尽头, 末端 adj. 底部的 vt. 装底, 查明真相, 测量深浅 vi. 到达底部, 建立基础

[373]Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.

fragile (1) ['frædʒail] adj. 易碎的, 脆的
moral (8) ['mɔrәl] adj. 道德(上)的, 精神的 n. 道德

[374]More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.

found (1) [faund] v. 建立, 创立, 创办, 使有根据, 铸造, 熔制
significantly (1) adv. 意味深长地, 值得注目地

[375]More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.

founder (4) ['faundә] n. 铸工, 翻沙工, 创始人, 奠基人 vt. 使沉没, 使摔倒, 弄跛, 浸水, 破坏 vi. 沉没, 摔到, 变跛, 倒塌, 失败方正集团, 中国最著名的电子照排系统的生产商
hamper (1) ['hæmpә] v. 妨碍, 牵制

[376]While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

bedrock (1)  ['bed'rɔk] n. [矿]岩床, 根底, 基础
distaste (3)  ['dis'teist] n. 讨厌, 嫌恶
express (5)  [iks'pres] adj. 急速的, 特殊的, 明确的 n. 快车, 快递, 专使 vt. 表达, 表示 adv. 乘快车, 以快递方式
privately (2)  adv. 私下地, 秘密地

[377]Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America.

creation (2) [kri'eiʃәn] n. 创造, 创作物
imperfect (1) [im'pә:fikt] adj. 有缺点的, 未完成的, 减弱的, [语]未完成时的, 未完成过去时的 n. 未完成体

[378]②The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

clause (1)  [klɔ:z] n. 子句, 条款
congressional (1)  [kәn'greʃә nәl] adj. 会议的, 大会的, 国会的
fifth (1)  [fifθ] adj. 第五的
peculiar (1)  [pi'kju:ljә] adj. 奇特的, 罕见的, 特殊的 n. 特有财产, 特权
representation (1)  [ˏreprizen'teiʃәn] n. 表示法, 表现, 陈述, 请求, 扮演, 画像, 继承, 代表

[379]And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.

statesman (2) ['steitsmәn] n. 政治家

[380]The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.

election (3)  [i'lekʃ(ә)n] n. 选举, 当选, 选择权, [宗]上帝的选拔
formula (1)  ['fɔ:mjulә] n. 公式, 规则, 客套语
hand (13)  [hænd] n. 手, 掌管, 协助, 支配, 插手, 指针, 雇员, 手艺 vt. 支持, 搀扶, 交给
inflate (1)  [in'fleit] vt. 使膨胀, 使得意, 使(通货)膨胀, 使充气 vi. 充气, 膨胀
presidential (1)  [ˏprezi'denʃәl] adj. 总统的
victory (1)  ['viktәri] n. 胜利, 战胜, 克服, [罗神]胜利女神

[381]Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

carve (1) [kɑ:v] v. 雕刻, 切开
office (5) ['ɔfis] n. 办公室, 办事处, 事务所, <英>ZF机关, 部, 公职, 职责, 帮助

[382]Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.

approximately (1) [әprɔksi'mәtli] adv. 近似地, 大约
herself (1) [hә:'self, hә'self] pron. 她自己, 她本人亲自

[383]Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

black (3)  [blæk] n. 黑色, 黑颜料, 黑人 adj. 黑色的, 弄脏了的, 忧郁的 vt. (使)变黑, 涂黑
bravery (1)  ['breivәri] n. 勇敢
opposition (1)  [ɔpә'ziʃәn] n. 反对, 敌对, 相反, 反对派, [天]冲, [逻]对当法
overcome (3)  [ˏәuvә'kʌm] vt. 战胜, 克服, 胜过, 征服 vi. 得胜
soldier (1)  ['sәuldʒә] n. 士兵, 军人

[384]Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

legislative (3) ['ledʒisˏleitiv] adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关

[385]The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.

arrange (1)  [ә'reindʒ] v. 安排, 排列, 协商
desk (1)  [desk] n. 书桌, 办公桌
pencil (1)  ['pensl] n. 铅笔
sharpen (1)  ['ʃɑ:pәn] v. 削尖, 磨快, 尖锐
writing (5)  ['raitiŋ] n. 笔迹, 作品, 著述

[386]The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.

draft (8)  [drɑ:ft] n. 草稿, 草案, 草图 vt. 起草, 为...打样, 设计 v. 草拟
inevitable (5)  [in'evitәbl] adj. 不可避免的, 必然的
stand (6)  [stænd] n. 停止, 抵抗的状态, 立场, 立足点, 看台, 架子, 台 v. 站, 立, 站起, (使)竖立, (使)位于, 维持不变, 持久, 经受

[387]Be flexible.

flexible (1) ['fleksәbl] adj. 柔韧性, 易曲的, 灵活的, 柔软的, 能变形的, 可通融的

[388]Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you.

outline (1)  ['әutlain] n. 大纲, 轮廓, 略图, 外形, 要点, 概要 vt. 描画轮廓, 略述
permit (4)  [pә(:)'mit] n. 通行证, 许可证, 执照 v. 许可, 允许, 准许
railroad (16)  ['reilrәud] n. 铁路 vt. <美> 由铁道运输
smoothly (1)  ['smu:eli] adv. 平稳地

[389]If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.

relevant (5) ['relivәnt] adj. 有关的, 相应的

[390]Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise.

grammar (3)  ['græmә] n. 文法, 有关原理的书, 入门的书
punctuation (1)  [pʌŋktju'eiʃ(ә)n] n. 标点, 标点符号
spelling (4)  ['speliŋ] n. 拼法, 拼写法

[391]Concentrate on what you are saying.

concentrate (3) ['kɔnsentreit] v. 集中, 浓缩

[392]Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.

hot (13) [hɔt] adj. 热的, 热情的, 辣的, 激动的, 紧迫的, 节奏强的 adv. 热, 热切的, 紧迫地

[393]Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.

clip (1)  [klip] n. 夹子, 回形针, 子弹夹 vt. 夹住, 剪短, 修剪
easy (9)  ['i:zi] adj. 容易的, 安逸的, 舒适的, 宽裕的, 小康的, 从容的, 宽容的, 流畅的 adv. 不费力的, 轻松, 悠闲, 慢慢地 n. 短暂的休息
elsewhere (1)  ['els'hwєә] adv. 在别处
paragraph (6)  ['pærәgrɑ:f] n. (文章)段, 节, 段落
side (8)  [said] n. 边, 旁边, 面, 侧面, 胁, 一方, (一个)方面, 摆架子 adj. 旁边的, 侧面的, 副的, 枝节的 vi. 站在同一边

[394]If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.

command (4)  [kә'mɑ:nd] n. 命令, 掌握, 司令部 v. 命令, 指挥, 克制, 支配, 博得, 俯临
deletion (1)  [di'li:ʃәn] n. 删除, 删除部分, 被删除的字句、章节
keyboard (1)  ['ki:bɔ:d] n. [计] 键盘
processor (3)  ['prәusesә] n. 处理机处理器

[395]Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.

check (3)  [tʃek] n. 阻止, 制止, 控制, 阻止物, 支票, 检讫的记号, 饭馆的帐单 vt. 检查, 制止, 核对, 寄存, 托运 vi. 证明无误, 核对无误, 逐项相符, [象棋]将军
grammatical (1)  [grә'mætikәl] adj. 文法的, 合乎文法的
software (4)  ['sɔftwєә] n. 软件

[396]These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.

printout (1)  ['printˏaut] n. [计]打印输出
revision (1)  [ri'viʒәn] n. 修订, 修改, 修正, 修订本
screen (5)  [skri:n] n. 屏, 银幕, 筛子, 掩蔽物, 屏风 vt. 掩蔽, 包庇, 放映, 拍摄, 筛 vi. 拍电影

[397]Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.

delete (1)  [di' li:t] vt. 删除
illustrate (3)  ['ilәstreit] vt. 举例说明, 图解, 加插图于, 阐明 vi. 举例
material (7)  [mә'tiәriәl] n. 材料, 原料, 物资, 素材, 布料 adj. 物质的, 肉体的, 具体的, 重要的, 实质性的
thesis (1)  ['θi:sis] n. 论题, 论文
unrelated (1)  adj. 无关的不相干的

[398]The student who wrote "The A & P as a State of Mind" wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.

attitude (7)  ['ætitju:d] n. 姿势, 态度, 看法, 意见
chauvinistic (1)  [ˏʃәuvi'nistik] adj. 盲目的爱国心的, 沙文主义的
display (3)  [di'splei] vt. 陈列, 展览, 显示 n. 陈列, 展览, 显示显示,显示器
drop (10)  [drɔp] v. 滴下, 落下, (使声音等)变弱, (使价格等)下降, 使跌倒, 使结束, 不再讨论, 停止与(某人)交往 n. 落下, 下降, 滴, 滴剂, 点滴, 微量, 下跌
p (1)
student (14)  ['stju:dәnt] n. (大小学校的)学生, 研究者, 学者
toward (5)  [tә'wɔ:d] prep. 向, 对于, 为了 adj. 有希望的, 有利的, 逼近的, 温顺的
wisely (1)  ['waizli] adv. 聪明地, 精明地

[399]You should go through the paper many times ── and then again── working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.

clarify (1) ['klærifai] v. 澄清, 阐明
substantiate (1) [sʌbs'tænʃieit] vt. 使实体化, 证实

[400]Rewrite.

rewrite (1) [ri:'rait] v. 重写, 改写

[401]The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.

sentence (3) ['sentәns] n. 句子, 判决, 宣判, 文句 vt. 宜判, 判决
topic (1) ['tɔpik] n. 话题, 主题

[402]Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.

abrupt (1)  [ә'brʌpt] adj. 突然的, 陡峭的, 生硬的
confusing (4)
shift (10)  [ʃift] n. 移动, 轮班, 移位, 变化, 办法, 手段 vt. 替换, 转移, 改变, 移转, 推卸, 变速 vi. 转换, 移动, 转变, 推托, 变速
transition (1)  [træn'ziʒәn, -'siʃәn] n. 转变, 转换, 跃迁, 过渡, 变调

[403]Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.

awkward (2)  ['ɔ:kwәd] adj. 难使用的, 笨拙的
mercilessly (1)  adv. 无慈悲地, 残忍地
phrasing (1)  ['freiziŋ] n. 措词
poke (1)  [pәuk] n. 刺, 戳, 懒汉, 袋子 vt. 戳, 捅, 拨开, 刺 vi. 戳, 刺, 捅, 伸出, 刺探, 闲荡
prod (1)  [prɔd] v. 刺
shape (3)  [ʃeip] n. 外形, 形状, 形态, (尤指女子的)体形, 身段, 形式 vt. 制作, 定形, 使成形, 塑造, 使符合 vi. 成形, 形成, 成长
unclear (1)  ['ʌn'kliә] adj. 不清楚的
wordy (1)  ['wә:di] adj. 多言的, 冗长的, 废话连篇, 唠叨的

[404]①If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months.

certificate (3)  [sә'tifikit] n. 证书, 证明书 vt. 发给证明书, 以证书形式授权给...
elite (4)  [ei'li:t] n. <法>[集合名词]精华, 精锐, 中坚分子
noteworthy (1)  ['nәutwә:ei] adj. 值得注目的, 显著的
quirk (1)  [kwә:k] n. 急转, 遁词, 怪癖
soccer (8)  ['sɔkә] n. 英式足球
tournament (1)  ['tuәnәmәnt] n. 比赛, 锦标赛, 联赛

[405]②If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.

national (10)  ['næʃәnәl] adj. 国家的, 国立[有]的, 民族的
phenomenon (6)  [fi'nɔminәn] n. 现象
pronounced (1)  [-'naunst] adj. 讲出来的, 显著的, 断然的, 明确的
rank (1)  [ræŋk] n. 等级, 横列, 阶级 adj. 繁茂的, 恶臭的, 讨厌的, 下流的 vt. 排列, 归类于, 把...分等 vi. 列为, 列队 n. [数] 秩
strange (3)  [streindʒ] adj. 陌生的, 生疏的, 前所未知的, 奇怪的, 奇异的, 不惯的
youth (1)  [ju:θ] n. 青春, 青年时期, 初期, 少年, 青年们

[406]Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.

annual (4)  ['ænjuәl] n. 一年生植物, 年刊, 年鉴 adj. 一年一次的, 每年的, 一年生的
astrological (1)  adj. 占星的, 占星术的
b (6)  abbr. 生于
c (3)  abbr. 世纪 (century) n. 字母C
conceive (1)  [kәn'si:v] vt. 构思, 以为, 持有 vi. 怀孕, 考虑, 设想
confer (2)  [kәn'fә:] vt. 授予(称号、学位等), 赠与, 把...赠与, 协议 v. 协商, 交换意见
d (1)  直接指出的直接证明的 [逻]直证的 [语]指示的
guess (3)  [ges] vt. 猜测, 推测, 猜中, 猜对, 想, 认为 vi. 猜, 推测 n. 猜测, 推测
mania (1)  ['meinjә, -niә] n. [医]颠狂, 狂躁, 癖好, 狂热
none (4)  [nʌn] adv. 决不, 毫不 pron. 一个也没有, 毫无
oxygen (2)  ['ɔksidʒәn] n. [化]氧
skill (12)  [skil] n. 技能, ,技巧, 熟练, 巧妙
springtime (1)  ['spriŋtaim] n. 春天, 春季
stamina (1)  ['stæminә] n. 毅力, 持久力, 精力
superior (1)  [sju:'piәriә] n. 长者, 高手, 上级 adj. 较高的, 上级的, 上好的, 出众的, 高傲的
winter (3)  ['wintә] n. 冬, 冬季, 萧条期, 衰退期 adj. 冬天的 vt. 对...进行冬天保护 vi. 过冬

[407]Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”

strongly (3) ['strɔŋli] adv. 强有力的, 坚固地, 坚强地, 激烈地

[408]Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.

engineering (1)  [ˏendʒi'niәriŋ] n. 工程(学)
realize (5)  ['riәlaiz] vt. 认识到, 了解, 实现, 实行
switch (6)  [switʃ] n. 开关, 电闸, 转换 vt. 转换, 转变

[409]His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.

experiment (12) [iks'perimәnt] n. 实验, 试验 vi. 进行实验, 做试验
memory (20) ['memәri] n. 记忆, 记忆力, 回忆, 存储(器), 存储器存储器,内存

[410]“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.

digit (1)  ['didʒit] n. 阿拉伯数字, 手指或足趾, 一指宽(约四分之三英寸)
hour (7)  ['auә] n. 小时, 钟头, ...点钟, 课时, (一段)时间
span (3)  [spæn] n. 跨度, 跨距, 范围 v. 横越

[411]④This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.

cognitive (1)  ['kɔgnitiv] adj. 认知的, 认识的, 有感知的
exercise (3)  ['eksәsaiz] n. 练习, 习题, 训练, 锻炼, 演习 v. 训练, 锻炼 vt. 行使, 使担扰
intuitive (1)  [in'tju(:)itiv] adj. 直觉的
memorize (3)  ['memәraiz] v. [亦作memorise] 记住, 记忆

[412]In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.

encode (2)  [in'kәud] vt. 把(电文.情报等)译成电码(或密码) 编码
exhibit (1)  [ig'zibit] vt. 展出, 陈列 n. 展览品, 陈列品, 展品 v. 展示
inborn (1)  ['in'bɔ:n] adj. 天生的, 生来的, 先天的
swamp (3)  [swɔmp] n. 沼泽, 湿地, 煤层聚水 v. 陷入沼泽, 淹没, 覆没

[413]And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.

deliberate (2) [di'libәreit] adj. 深思熟虑的, 故意的, 预有准备的 v. 商讨
meaningfully (1)

[414]Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.

entail (1) [in'teil] vt. 使必需, 使蒙受, 使承担, 遗传给 n. [建]限定继承权
task (5) [tɑ:sk] n. 任务, 作业 v. 分派任务

[415]Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

feedback (1)  ['fi:dbæk] n. [无]回授, 反馈, 反应
immediate (1)  [i'mi:djәt] adj. 直接的, 紧接的, 紧靠的, 立即的, 知觉的
obtain (2)  [әb'tein] vt. 获得, 得到
outcome (1)  ['autkʌm] n. 结果, 成果

[416]They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.

biographical (1)  [baiәu'græfikәl] adj. 传记的
gather (6)  ['gæeә] n. 集合, 聚集 vi. 集合, 聚集, 渐增, 蹙眉, 化脓 vt. 使聚集, 搜集, 积聚, 推断
statistics (6)  [stә'tistiks] n. 统计学, 统计表

[417]⑤Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.

assertion (1)  [ә'sә:ʃәn] n. 主张, 断言, 声明
commonly (7)  ['kɔmәnli] adv. 普通地, 一般地
highly (12)  ['haili] adv. 高地, 非常
overrated (1)
startling (1)  adj. 令人吃惊的
talent (1)  ['tælәnt] n. 天才, 才干, 才能
trait (1)  [treit] n. 显著的特点, 特性

[418]Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming–are nearly always made, not born.

ballet (1)  ['bælei, bæ'lei] n. 芭蕾舞, 芭蕾舞剧, 芭蕾舞乐曲
programming (1)  ['prәugræmiŋ] n. 规划, 设计
surgery (4)  ['sә:dʒәri] n. 外科, 外科学, 手术室, 诊疗室

[419]A big wave swamped the boat.

boat (1) [bәut] n. 小船, 艇 v. 划船
wave (10) [weiv] n. 波, 波浪, (挥手)示意, 致意 vi. (挥手)示意, 致意, 波动, 飘动, 摇动

[420]For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”

column (3) ['kɔlәm] n. 圆柱, 柱壮物, 专栏, 纵队
supplement (1) ['sʌplimәnt] n. 补遗, 补充, 附录, 增刊 v. 补充

[421]People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded.

mental (9)  ['mentl] adj. 精神的, 智力的
query (2)  ['kwiәri] n. 质问, 询问, 怀疑, 疑问 v. 询问, 表示怀疑
score (10)  [skɔ:, skɔә] n. 得分, 乐谱, 抓痕, 二十, 终点线, 刻痕, 帐目, 起跑线 vt. 把...记下, 刻划, 划线, 获得, 评价 vi. 记分, 刻痕, 得分

[422]IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.

analogy (3)  [ә'nælәdʒi] n. 类似, 类推
deduce (1)  [di'dju:s] vt. 推论, 演绎出
envision (1)  [in'viʒәn] vt. 想象, 预想
numerical (2)  [nju(:)'merikәl] adj. 数字的, 用数表示的 adj. 数字的,用数字表示的
sequence (1)  ['si:kwәns] n. 次序, 顺序, 序列
verbal (4)  ['vә:bәl] adj. 口头的
visual (3)  ['vizjuәl] adj. 看的, 视觉的, 形象的, 栩栩如生的

[423]So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness?

field (4) [fi:ld] n. 原野, 旷野, 领域, (一块)田地, 牧场, 域, 战场, 运动场 vt. 把(谷物等)暴晒于场上, 使上场 vi. 担任场外队员 adj. 田间的, 野生的, 野外的, 田赛的扫描场
fondness (1) ['fɔndnis] n. 爱好, 溺爱

[424]Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?

coincidence (2) [kәu'insidәns] n. 一致, 相合, 同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事
luck (1) [lʌk] n. 运气, 好运, 幸运

[425]①It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

answer (7)  ['ɑ:nsә] n. 答案, 回答, 答辩, 抗辩 v. 回答说, 答复说, 符合, 反响, 响应
elude (1)  [i'lju:d, i'lu:d] v. 躲避
figure (9)  ['figә] n. 外形, 轮廓, 体形, 图形, 画像, 数字, 形状, 身份 vt. 描绘, 塑造, 表示, 象征, 演算, 认为 vi. 出现, 考虑, 出名, 扮演角色
object (3)  ['ɔbdʒikt] n. 物体, 目标, 宾语, 对象 vi. 反对, 拒绝, 抗议 vt. 提出...来反对
poet (5)  ['pәuit, 'pәuet] n. 诗人
visualize (2)  ['vizjuәlaiz, 'viʒ-] vt. 形象, 形象化, 想象 vi. 显现

[426]Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.

clearly (3)  ['kliәli] adv. 明朗地, 明显地, 无疑地
encompass (1)  [in'kʌmpәs] v. 包围, 环绕, 包含或包括某事物
intelligence (7)  [in'telidʒәns] n. 智力, 聪明, 智能

[427]Just what does it mean to be smart?

smart (2) [smɑ:t] n. 刺痛, 痛苦 adj. 巧妙的, 聪明的, 漂亮的, 潇洒的, 刺痛的, 剧烈的, 厉害的, 敏捷的 vi. 刺痛, 懊恼轻快地, 严厉地, 灵巧地, 精确的, 时髦地, 大大的

[428]How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

genetics (1)  [dʒi'netiks] n. 遗传学
neurology (1)  [njuә'rɔlәdʒi] n. 神经学, 神经病学
specify (1)  ['spesifai] vt. 指定, 详细说明, 列入清单

[429]Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.

although (14)  [ɔ:l'eәu] conj. 虽然, 尽管
bookstore (1)  ['bukstɔ:(r)] n. 书店
populate (3)  ['pɔpjuleit] 板上组装 v. 使人民居住, 移民
psychologist (2)  [psai'kɔlәdʒist] n. 心理学者
variation (2)  [ˏvєәri'eiʃәn] n. 变更, 变化, 变异, 变种, [音]变奏, 变调

[430]②Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.

base (13)  [beis] n. 底部, 基础, 根据地, 基地, 本部, 基数, (运动)出发点 vt. 以...作基础, 基于... adj.卑鄙的, 低级的
chronological (1)  [ˏ krɔnә'lɔdʒikәl] adj. 按年代顺序排列的
divide (10)  [di'vaid] v. 分, 划分, 分开, 隔开
multiply (1)  ['mʌltipli] v. 繁殖, 乘, 增加
statistical (1)  [stә'tistikәl] adj. 统计的, 统计学的

[431]Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

capture (6) ['kæptʃә] n. 捕获, 战利品 vt. 俘获, 捕获, 夺取
graduate (2) ['grædjueit, -dʒueit] n. (大学)毕业生, 研究生 v. (使)(大学)毕业

[432]Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.

assess (4) [ә'ses] vt. 估定, 评定

[433]In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”

intelligent (4) [in'telidʒәnt] adj. 聪明的, 伶俐的, 有才智的, [计]智能的

[434], ③Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.

analytical (1)  [ˏænә'litikәl] adj. 分析的, 解析的
component (2)  [kәm'pәunәnt] n. 成分 adj. 组成的, 构成的
critical (7)  ['kritikәl] adj. 评论的, 鉴定的, 批评的, 危急的, 临界的
practical (5)  ['præktikәl] adj. 实际的, 实践的, 实用的, 应用的, 有实际经验的
solve (6)  [sɔlv] vt. 解决, 解答

[435]Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite.

correlate (1)  ['kɔrileit] vt. 使相互关联 vi. 和...相关
leadership (3)  ['li:dәʃip] n. 领导能力, 领导阶层
negatively (1)  ['negәtivli] adv. 否定地, 消极地

[436]Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

matter (10)  ['mætә] n. 事件, 问题, 物质, 内容, 实质, 原因, (印刷或书写的)文件, (文章或讲话等的)素材 vi. 有关系, 要紧
skip (1)  [skip] v. 跳, 蹦, 急速改变, 跳读, 遗漏, 跳跃 n. 跳跃
testify (1)  ['testifai] v. 证明, 证实, 作证
toil (1)  [tɔil] n. 辛苦, 苦工, 网, 罗网, 圈套 vi. 苦干, 跋涉, 费力地做

[437]①During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties.

financially (1)  adv. 财政上, 金融上
realty (1)  ['riәlti] n. 不动产, 房地产
secure (2)  [si'kjuә] adj. 安全的, 可靠的, 放心的, 无虑的 v. 保护

[438]Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

diagnosis (1)  [ˏdaiәg'nәusis] n. 诊断
middle (6)  ['midl] n. 中间, 当中 adj. 中间的, 中部的
pink (1)  [piŋk] n. 粉红色, 石竹花, 化身, 极致, 精华 adj. 粉红的 vt. 刺, 扎, 刺痛, 使变粉红色 vi. 变粉红色
slip (2)  [slip] n. 滑倒, 事故, 片, 纸片 vi. 滑动, 滑倒, 失足, 减退 vt. 使滑动, 滑过, 摆脱, 闪开, 塞入 adj. 滑动的, 活络的, 有活结的 abbr. Serial Line Interface Protocol, 串行线路接口协议, 是旧式的协议
solidly (1)  adv. 坚硬地, 稳固地
spouse (1)  [spauz] n. 配偶(指夫或妻)

[439]In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.

economics (1) [ˏi:kә'nɔmiks, ˏekә-] n. 经济学

[440]②Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.

effect (21)  [i'fekt] n. 结果, 效果, 作用, 影响, (在视听方面给人流下的)印象 vt. 招致, 实现, 达到(目的等)
policymaker (1)  ['pɔlәsiˏmeikә(r)] n. 政策制定者,决策人
stripe (1)  [straip] n. 斑纹, 条纹

[441]Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status.

status (5) ['steitәs] n. 身份, 地位, 情形, 状况

[442]③As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

earner (2)  挣钱人
fall (23)  [fɔ:l] n. 秋天, 落下, 瀑布, 降低, 落差, 采伐量, 堕落, 下降 vi. 倒下, 落下, 来临, 失守, 变成, 垮台, 下跌, 阵亡 vt. <美><英方>击倒, 砍倒(树木) adj. 秋天的
lay (3)  [lei] vt. 放置, 铺设, 产(卵)提出, 平息, 布置 vi. 下蛋, 打赌 n. 位置, 层面, 形势, 短叙事诗 adj. 世俗的, 外行的 vbl. lie的过去式
parachute (1)  ['pærәʃu:t] n. 降落伞
setback (1)  ['setbæk] n. 顿挫, 挫折, 退步, 逆流, (疾病的)复发
sick (1)  [sik] n. 病人 adj. 不舒服, 有病的, 恶心的, 厌恶的, 渴望的, 病态的 vt. 呕吐, 追击, 使狗去咬

[443]④This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.

disability (1)  [ˏdisә'biliti] n. 无力, 无能, 残疾 n. [律] 无能力, 无资格
insurance (3)  [in'ʃuәrәns] n. 保险, 保险单, 保险业, 保险费
unemployment (3)  ['ʌnim'plɔimәnt] n. 失业, 失业人数

[444]But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

disruption (1)  [dis'rʌpʃәn] n. 中断, 分裂, 瓦解, 破坏
extra (1)  ['ekstrә] adj. 额外的, 不包括在价目内的, 特大的, 特佳的 adv. 特别地, 非常, 另外 n. 额外的人(或物), (报纸)号外, 上等产品, (电影)临时演员
fortune (5)  ['fɔ:tʃәn] n. 财富, 运气, 大量财产, 好运, 命运 vt. <古>偶然发生 vt. 给...以大宗财富

[445]During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.

absorb (2)  [әb'sɔ:b] vt. 吸收, 吸引
period (10)  ['piәriәd] n. 时期, 学时, 节, 句点, 周期, （妇女的）经期 adj. 过去某段时期的 int. 没有了
retirement (2)  [ri'taiәmәnt] n. 退休, 引退, 退却, 撤退

[446]⑤Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.

auto (1)  ['ɔ:tәu] n. <美口>汽车
employee (4)  [ˏemplɔi'i:, im'plɔii] n. 职工, 雇员, 店员
fluctuation (1)  [ˏflʌktju'eiʃәn] n. 波动, 起伏
harsh (4)  [hɑ:ʃ] adj. 粗糙的, 荒芜的, 苛刻的, 刺耳的, 刺目的
outlive (1)  [aut'liv] v. 比...长命, 比...耐久,渡过…而存在,经受住
rate (25)  [reit] n. 比率, 速度, 等级, 价格, 费用 vt. 估价, 认为, 鉴定等级, 责骂 vi. 被评价, 责骂
worry (4)  ['wʌri] n. 烦恼, 忧虑, 苦恼, 撕咬 vt. 使烦恼, 使焦虑, 使苦恼, 撕咬, 困扰, 折磨 vi. 烦恼, 担心, 撕咬, 挣扎着前进

[447]⑥For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.

guarantee (3) [ˏgærәn'ti:] n. 保证, 保证书, 担保, 抵押品 vt. 保证, 担保
retiree (1) [riˏtaiә'ri:] n. 退休人员, 退休者, 歇业者

[448]For younger families the picture is not any better.

picture (6) ['piktʃә] n. 画, 图画, 照片, 像, 美景, 描述, 相似物, 化身 vt. 画, 描绘

[449]⑦Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.

absolute (3)  ['æbsәlu:t] adj. 完全的, 绝对的
deductible (1)  [di'dʌktәbl] adj. 可扣除的
fashionable (1)  ['fæʃәnәbl] adj. 流行的, 时髦的
hall (1)  [hɔ:l] n. 会堂, 礼堂, 大厅, 走廊, 门厅
healthcare (2)

[450]⑧Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

assistance (1)  [ә'sistәns] n. 协助, 援助, 补助, <英>国家补助
attendant (1)  [ә'tendәnt] n. 服务员
demographic (1)  [demә'græfik] adj. 人口统计学的
elderly (1)  ['eldәli] adj. 过了中年的, 稍老的
odds (1)  [ɔdz] n. 可能的机会, 成败的可能性, 优势, 不均, 不平等, 几率, 差别
weak (1)  [wi:k] adj. 不牢固的, 弱的, 虚弱的, 软弱的, 淡的, 疲软的, 无力的, 不耐用的

[451]⑨From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

acceleration (3)  [ækˏselә'reiʃәn] n. 加速度
frightening (1)  ['fraitәniŋ] adj. 令人恐惧的, 引起突然惊恐的
overburdened (1)
perspective (1)  [pә'spektiv] n. 透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察
responsibility (4)  [risˏpɔnsә'biliti] n. 责任, 职责
shoulder (3)  ['ʃәuldә] n. 肩, 肩部, 侧翼 vt. 肩负, 承当
understandably (1)  adv. 可理解地
wholesale (1)  ['hәulseil] n. 批发, 趸售 adj. 批发的, [喻] 大规模的

[452]The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.

fallout (2) ['fɔ:lˏaut] n. 辐射微尘, 原子尘, 附带结果

[453]It never rains but it pours.

pour (6) [pɔ:, pɔә] v. 灌注, 倾泻, 涌入, 流, 倾盆大雨
rain (1) [rein] n. 雨, 下雨, 雨天 vi. 下雨 vt. 使大量落下, 大量地给

[454]①Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.

boss (4)  [bɔs] n. 老板, 上司 vt. 指挥
compliance (1)  [kәm'plaiәns] n. 依从, 顺从
feeble (1)  ['fi:bl] adj. 虚弱的, 衰弱的, 无力的, 微弱的, 薄弱的
governance (1)  ['gʌvәnәns] n. 统治, 管理, 统辖
headline (3)  ['hedlain] n. 大字标题
inevitably (3)  adv. 不可避免
insecurity (3)  [ˏinsi'kjuәriti] n. 不安全, 不安全感
nasty (3)  ['næsti] adj. 污秽的, 肮脏的, 令人厌恶的, 淫秽的, 下流的, 凶相的, 威胁的
roll (1)  [rәul] adj. 滚动, 滚转, (使)摇摆, (使)摇晃, 卷起, 卷拢 vt. 辗, 轧 n. (一)卷, 卷形物, 摇晃, 摆动, 名单
sort (5)  [sɔ:t] n. 种类, 类别 v. 分类, 拣选
suite (1)  [swi:t] n. (一批)随员, (一套)家具, 套房, 套, 组, 组曲

[455]②Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

agenda (3)  [ә'dʒendә] n. 议程
odd (5)  [ɔd] adj. 奇数的, 单数的, 单只的, 不成对的, 临时的, 不固定的, 带零头的, 余的
staff (3)  [stɑ:f] n. 棒, 杖, 杆, 支柱, 全体职员, [军]参谋机构, [音]五线谱 vt. 供给人员, 充当职员

[456]③Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.

contractor (1)  [kәn'træktә] n. 订约人, 承包人
defense (1)  [di'fens] n. (D-)(美国)国防部, 防卫, 防卫物 vt. 谋划抵御
hurriedly (1)  adv. 仓促地, 慌忙地
intricate (1)  ['intrikit] adj. 复杂的, 错综的, 难以理解的
massive (4)  ['mæsiv] adj. 厚重的, 大块的, 魁伟的, 结实的
vulnerability (1)  [ˏvʌlnәrә'bilәti] n. 弱点, 攻击

[457]“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other assets, says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.

guard (2) [gɑ:d] n. 守卫, 警戒, 护卫队, 防护装置 vt. 保卫, 看守, 当心 vi. 防止, 警惕, 警卫

[458]“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”

behalf (5) [bi'hɑ:f] n. 为, 利益
responsible (7) [ris'pɔnsәbl] adj. 有责任的, 可靠的, 可依赖的, 负责的

[459]Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.

accepted (2)  [әk'septid] adj. 一般承认的, 公认的
concept (7)  ['kɔnsept] n. 观念, 概念
gasp (1)  [gɑ:sp] vi. 喘息, 气喘 vt. 气吁吁地说
indeed (10)  [in'di:d] adv. 真正地, (加强语气)确实, (表示让步)当然, 甚至, 真的吗?
principle (10)  ['prinsәpl] n. 法则, 原则, 原理
security (5)  [si'kjuәriti] n. 安全

[460]“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.

redundancy (3) [ri'dʌndәnsi] n. 冗余
technical (8) ['teknikәl] adj. 技术的, 技术上的, 技巧方面的

[461]The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.

mystery (1) ['mistәri] n. 神秘, 神秘的事物

[462]Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

destroy (5)  [dis'trɔi] vt. 破坏, 毁坏, 消灭 v. 消灭, 摧毁
dim (1)  [dim] adj. 暗淡的, 模糊的, 无光泽的, 悲观的, 怀疑的 vt. 使暗淡, 使失去光泽 n. <美俚>笨蛋、傻子
expensive (4)  [iks'pensiv] adj. 花费的, 昂贵的
restore (1)  [ris'tɔ:] vt. 恢复, 使回复, 归还, 交还, 修复, 重建
sensitive (2)  ['sensitiv] adj. 敏感的, 灵敏的, 感光的
surely (3)  ['ʃuәli] adv. 的确地, 安全地

[463]The current state of affaires may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage.

encourage (6) [in'kʌridʒ] vt. 鼓励, 怂恿 v. 鼓励, 鼓励
penalty (1) ['penlti] n. 处罚, 罚款

[464]Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.

astray (1)  [әs'trei] adv. 迷途地, 入歧途地
firm (19)  [fә:m] n. 公司, (合伙)商号 adj. 结实的, 坚硬的, 坚定的, 坚固的, 牢固的, 稳固的, 严格的 vt. 使牢固, 使坚定 vi. 变稳固, 变坚实 adv. 稳固地, 坚定地
victim (2)  ['viktim] n. 受害人, 牺牲者, 牺牲品

[465]That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. ④Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

adequate (1)  ['ædikwit] adj. 适当的, 足够的
corporate (5)  ['kɔ:pәrit] adj. 社团的, 法人的, 共同的, 全体的
disclose (1)  [dis'klәuz] vt. 揭露, 透露
fast (7)  [fɑ:st] adj. 紧的, 牢的, 忠实的, 快速的, 耐久的, 紧的 adv. 牢固地, 很快地, 紧紧地, 彻底地 n. 禁食, 绝食, 斋戒 vi. 绝食, 斋戒
notice (4)  ['nәutis] n. 通知, 布告, 注意 v. 注意到
overshadow (1)  [ˏәuvә'ʃædәu] v. 遮蔽, 使...失色
propose (4)  [prә'pәuz] vt. 计划, 建议, 向...提议, 求(婚) vi. 打算, 求婚
round (2)  [raund] n. 圆, 圆形物, 巡回, 轮唱, [体]一轮 adj. 圆的, 球形的, 丰满的, 大概的, 十足的, 完全的, 率直的, 肥胖的 prep. 围着, 附近, 绕过, 在...周围 vt. 弄圆, 使成圆形, 绕行, 完成, 围捕, 四舍五入 vi. 变圆, 发胖, 环行, 拐弯, 进展 adv. 围绕着, 循环地, 在周围, 迂回地, 朝反方向, 挨个
theft (1)  [θeft] n. 偷, 行窃, 偷窃的事例, 偷窃行为

[466]In spite of “endless talk of difference”，American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people.

amazing (2)  [ә'meiziŋ] adj. 令人惊异的
endless (1)  ['endlis] adj. 无止境的, 无穷的
homogenize (1)  [hә'mɔdʒәnaiz] vi. 均质化 vt. 使均匀
machine (7)  [mә'ʃi:n] n. 机器, 机械, 机动车辆, 机构, 设计, 机械般工作的人, (政党的)领导集团, 核心组织 vt. 机器制造, 用车床加工
spite (1)  [spait] n. (in ～ of)不顾, 不管, 敌意 v. 困扰

[467]There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse，and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.

absence (1)  ['æbsәns] n. 不在, 缺席, 缺乏, 没有
casualness (1)
characteristic (6)  [ˏkæriktә'ristik] adj. 特有的, 表示特性的, 典型的 n. 特性, 特征
deference (1)  ['defәrәns] n. 顺从, 尊重
democratize (1)  [di'mɔkrәtaiz] v. (使)民主化
discourse (1)  [dis'kɔ:s, 'diskɔ:s] n. 演讲, 论述, 论文, 讲道, 谈话, 谈论 vi. 谈论, 演说
dress (1)  [dres] n. 女服, 童装, 服装, 衣服 v. (给...)穿衣
uniformity (1)  [ˏju:ni'fɔ:miti] n. 同样, 一式, 一致, 均匀

[468]People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.

array (2)  [ә'rei] n. 排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批 vt. 部署, 穿着, 排列
consumption (3)  [kәn'sʌmpʃәn] n. 消费, 消费量, 肺病
department (3)  [di'pɑ:tmәnt] n. 部, 局, 处, 科, 部门, 系, 学部
elegant (1)  ['eligәnt] adj. 文雅的, 端庄的, 雅致的, <口>上品的, 第一流的
goods (13)  [gudz] n. 货物, <美俚>工具
launch (4)  [lɔ:ntʃ, lɑ:ntʃ] n. 下水, 汽艇, 发射, 发行, 投放市场 vt. 使(船)下水, 掷(标枪等), 发射(导弹、火箭等), 开办, 发动, 发起 vi. 起飞, 下水, 投入, 开始
store (6)  [stɔ:, stɔә] vt. 贮藏, 贮备, 存储 n. 商店, 店铺, 贮藏, 贮备

[469]Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.

background (4)  ['bækgraund] n. 背景, 后台, 不重要或不引人注目的地方或位置
cater (1)  ['keitә] vi. 备办食物, 满足(需要), 投合
intimate (1)  ['intimit] adj. 亲密的, 隐私的 vt. 宣布, 明白表示 n. 熟友
knowledgeable (1)  ['nɔlidʒәbl] adj. 知识渊博的, 有见识的
regardless (1)  [ri'gɑ:dlis] adj. 不管, 不顾, 不注意
shop (4)  [ʃɔp] n. 商店, 店铺 vi. 买东西, 购货

[470]This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”

democratic (6) [ˏdemә'krætik] adj. 民主的, 民主主义的, 民主政体的, 平民的
shopping (2) ['ʃɔpiŋ] n. 买东西, 购物

[471]The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

advertising (15)  ['ædvәtaiziŋ] n. 广告业, 广告 adj. 广告的
homogenization (1)  [ˏhәumәdʒәnai'zeiʃәn] n. (均)匀化, 均质化,同质化,纯一化
mass (9)  [mæs] n. 块, 大多数, 质量, 群众, 大量 adj. 群众的, 大规模的, 集中的 vt. 使集合 vi. 聚集

[472]Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

altogether (3)  [ˏɔ:ltә'geeә] adv. 完全地, 总而言之
elevate (2)  ['eliveit] vt. 举起, 提拔, 振奋, 提升...的职位
immigrant (13)  ['imigrәnt] adj. (从外国)移来的, 移民的, 移居的 n. 移民, 侨民
poisonous (2)  ['pɔiznәs] adj. 有毒的

[473]Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.

assimilation (2)  [әˏsimi'leiʃәn] n. 同化, 同化作用, 消化
immigration (1)  [ˏimi'greiʃәn] n. 外来的移民, 移居入境
neither (4)  ['naieә, 'ni:eә] adj. pron.两者都不 conj. 既不...又不, 也不
nor (7)  [nɔ:] conj. 也不
unprecedented (1)  [ʌn'presidәntid] adj. 空前的

[474]In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1，000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000.

arrive (5) [ә'raiv] vi. 到达, 抵达
resident (4) ['rezidәnt] n. 居民 adj. 居住的, 常驻的

[475]Now, consider three indices of assimilation–language, home ownership and intermarriage.

home (17)  [hәum] n. 家, 住宅, 家乡, 本国, 产地, 避难所 adj. 家庭的, 国内的, 有效的 adv. 在家, 回家, 深入地, 在本国
index (2)  ['indeks] n. 索引, [数学]指数, 指标, (刻度盘上)指针 vt. 编入索引中, 指出 vi. 做索引
intermarriage (2)  [ˏintә(:)'mæridʒ] n. 联姻, 异族结婚, 近亲结婚
language (20)  ['læŋgwidʒ] n. 语言, 语言文学, 术语, 语言表达能力, (运用语言的)方式、能力、风格, [自]（机器）代码
ownership (3)  ['әunәʃip] n. 所有权, 物主身份

[476]The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.”

fifteen (1)  ['fif'ti:n] adj. 十五
majority (5)  [mә'dʒɔriti] n. 多数, 大半 n. [律] 成年
origin (3)  ['ɔridʒin] n. 起源, 由来, 起因, 出身, 血统, [数]原点
residence (1)  ['rezidәns] n. 居住, 住处

[477]The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.

bilingual (1) [bai'liŋgwәl] adj. 能说两种语言的
proficient (1) [prә'fiʃәnt] n. 精通

[478]Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages.

graveyard (1) ['greivjɑ:d] n. 墓地
hence (3) [hens] adv. 因此, 从此

[479]By 1996 foreign–born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a homeownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

foreign (13) ['fɔrin] adj. 外国的, 外交的, 外国产的, 外来的, [医]异质的, 不相关的

[480]Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S–born whites and blacks.”

whites (1) ['waits] n. 白带

[481]Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”

around (12)  [ә'raund] adv. 周围, 四周, 到处, 大约, 左右 prep. 在...周围, 四处
fan (2)  [fæn] n. 扇子, 鼓风机, 风扇, 迷, 狂热者, 爱好者 vt. 煽动, 刺激, 扇, 吹拂 vi. 飘动, 成扇形散开
immune (2)  [i'mju:n] adj. 免疫的
superstar (2)  ['sju:pәstɑ:] n. 超级明星
village (2)  ['vilidʒ] n. 乡村, 村庄 adj. 村庄的

[482]Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?

anger (1)  ['æŋgә] n. 怒, 愤怒 v. 恼火
divisive (1)  [di'vaisiv] adj. 区分的, 不和的, 分裂的
pocket (1)  ['pɔkit] n. 衣袋, 口袋, 钱, 财 vt. 装...在口袋里, 隐藏(感情), 据为己有, 击...入袋 adj. 袖珍的, 小型的
seething (1)  ['si:eiŋ] adj. 沸腾的, 火热的

[483]It is big enough to have a bit of everything.

everything (7) ['evriθiŋ] pron. 每件事物, 万事

[484]But particularly when viewed against America‘s turbulent past, today’s social induces hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

dark (1)  [dɑ:k] n. 黑暗, 夜, 黄昏, 暗色, 无知, 模糊 adj. 黑暗的, 暗的, (头发、皮肤等)黑色的, 隐秘的, 无知的, 隐晦的, 模糊的
deteriorate (1)  [di'tiәriәreit] v. (使)恶化
induce (2)  [in'dju:s] vt. 劝诱, 促使, 导致, 引起, 感应
s (1)  [es] n. 字母s

[485]Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.

branch (2)  [brɑ:ntʃ] n. 枝, 分枝, 分部, 分店, (学科)分科, 部门, 支流, 支脉 v. 出现分歧
distinctly (1)  adv. 清楚地, 显然
hostile (1)  ['hɔstail] adj. 敌对的, 敌方的 n. 敌对
separate (5)  ['sepәreit] adj. 分开的, 分离的, 个别的, 单独的 v. 分开, 隔离, 分散, 分别

[486]There is the Royal Shakespeare Company （RSC）, which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.

production (7) [prә'dʌkʃәn] n. 生产, 产品, 作品, (研究)成果
superb (1) [sju:'pә:b] adj. 庄重的, 堂堂的, 华丽的, 极好的

[487]And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

birthplace (2)  ['bә:θpleis] n. 诞生地
sight (4)  [sait] n. 视力, 视觉, 见, 瞥见, 视域, 眼界
tourist (4)  ['tuәrist] n. 旅行者, 旅游者
townsfolk (4)  n. 市民, 市镇居民

[488]The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.

penny (1)  ['peni] n. 便士, <美> 分
revenue (4)  ['revinju:] n. 收入, 国家的收入, 税收
theatre (5)  n. 剧场, 戏院, 电影院, 阶梯教室, 手术教室, 手术室, 全体观众, 戏剧
worthy (3)  ['wә:ei] n. 杰出人物, 知名人士 adj. 有价值的, 应...的, 可敬的, 值得的, 相称的

[489]They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.

actor (6)  ['æktә] n. 男演员, 行动者, 参与者
beard (2)  [biәd] n. 胡须
dislike (1)  [dis'laik] vt. 讨厌, 不喜欢 n. 嫌恶
frankly (1)  ['fræŋkli] adv. 坦白地, 真诚地
hair (1)  [hєә] n. 头发, 毛发, 毛状物, 绒毛, 些微
noisiness (1)  n. 吵闹
sandal (3)  ['sændl] n. 凉鞋, 檀香, 便鞋 v. 穿上便鞋

[490]It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise - making.

deliciously (1)  adv. 美味地, 芬香地
ironic (1)  [aiә'rɔnik] adj. 说反话的, 讽刺的
noise (6)  [nɔiz] n. 喧闹声, 噪声, 噪音

[491]The tourist streams are not entirely separate.

stream (4) [stri:m] n. 溪, 川, 流, 一股, 一串, 河流 v. 流, 涌, 流注

[492]The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side– don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.

bus (3) [bʌs] n. 公共汽车
sightseer (2) ['saitsi:ә(r)] n. 观光客

[493]However, the playgoers do manage a little sight - seeing along with their play- going.

manage (4) ['mænidʒ] vi. 处理, 应付过去 vt. 管理, 控制, 操纵, 维持, 运用, 搞成, 设法, 达成
playgoer (2) ['pleigәuә(r)] n. 爱看戏的人, 常看戏的人

[494]It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night （some of them four or five nights） pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.

cash (6)  [kæʃ] n. 现金 vt. 兑现
night (7)  [nait] n. 夜, 夜晚, 黑暗, 死亡
restaurant (6)  ['restәr:ŋ, -rɔnt] n. 餐馆, 饭店
spend (17)  [spend] v. 花费, 消耗, 用尽 vt. 度过, 消磨
town (4)  [taun] n. 市镇, 城镇

[495]The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

nightfall (1) ['naitfɔ:l] n. 黄昏

[496]The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.

council (1) ['kaunsil] n. 政务会, 理事会, 委员会, 参议会, 讨论会议, 顾问班子, 立法班子
subsidy (2) ['sʌbsidi] n. 补助金, 津贴

[497]Stratford cries poor traditionally.

traditionally (1) adv. 传统上, 传说上

[498]Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.

cocktail (1)  ['kɔkteil] n. 鸡尾酒, (第一道用杯盛的)开味食品 adj. 鸡尾酒的
lounge (1)  [laundʒ] n. 闲逛, 休闲室, 长沙发 vi. 闲荡, 懒洋洋地躺卧 vt. 虚度光阴
nevertheless (7)  [ˏnevәeә'les] conj. 然而, 不过 adv. 仍然, 不过
wing (1)  [wiŋ] n. 翅, 翅膀, 翼, 飞翔, 机翼, 派别 vt. 装以翼, 飞过, 使飞, 空运, 增加...速度 vi. 飞, 飞行

[499]Hilton is building its own hotel there， which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

decorate (1) ['dekәreit] v. 装饰, 为...做室内装修
forth (1) [fɔ:θ] adv. 往前, 向外

[500]Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.

anyway (1) ['eniwei] adv. 无论如何, 总之

[501]（The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.

attendance (1) [ә'tendәns] n. 出席, 出席的人数, 伺候, 照料

[502]Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.

cent (4)  [sent] n. (货币单位)分, 分币
occupy (2)  ['ɔkjupai] vt. 占, 占用, 占领, 占据
per (5)  [pә:, pә] prep. 每, 每一, 由, 经
seat (4)  [si:t] n. 座, 座位, 所在地, 场所, 席位 vt. 使坐下

[503]） The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

low (12)  [lәu] n. 低, 低价, 牛叫声 adj. 低的, 浅的, 消沉的, 微弱的, 粗俗的, 卑贱的, 体质弱的 adv. 低下地, 谦卑地, 低声地, 低价地 vi. 牛叫
rocket (1)  ['rɔkit] n. 火箭 v. 飞速上升
ticket (3)  ['tikit] n. 票, 入场券

[504]It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.

away (12)  [ә'wei] adv. 在远处, 到远处, 离去
clientele (1)  [ˏkli:ɑ:n'teil] n. 诉讼委托人, 客户
shame (2)  [ʃeim] n. 羞耻, 羞愧, 可耻的人(或事物)

[505]They all seem to look alike （though they come from all over）–lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. ①And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

bedding (2)  ['bediŋ] n. 被褥, (家畜)草垫, (建筑)基床
bun (2)  [bʌn] n. 小圆面包, 曲卷(或结)状的头发
dedicated (2)  ['dedikeitid] adj. 专注的, 献身的
eat (4)  [i:t] v. 吃, 腐蚀
flagstone (2)  ['flægstәun] n. 石板
jeans (2)  [dʒi:ns] n. 斜纹布裤, 牛仔裤
pointed (2)  ['pɔintid] adj. 尖角的, 敏锐的, 锐利的, 率直的, 突出的
sleeper (2)  ['sli:pә] n. 睡眠, (火车等的)卧铺, 枕木, 冬眠动物

[506]②They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)---lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

room (2) [ru:m, rum] n. 房间, 屋子, 寓所, 场所, 地位, 空间, 机会, 余地
standing (1) ['stændiŋ] adj. 直立的, 停滞的, 固定的, 常备的, 标准的, 常设的 n. 站立, 身分, 名望, 持续 v. 站

[507]When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals.

prehistoric (1) ['pri:his'tɔrik] adj. 史前的, 陈旧的

[508]they suddenly became extinct.

extinct (1) [iks'tiŋkt] adj. 熄灭的, 灭绝的, 耗尽的 vt. <古>使熄灭

[509]Smaller species survived.

species (8) ['spi:ʃiz] n. 种类, (原)核素 n. [律]式样 n. [宗]圣餐物
survive (10) [sә'vaiv] v. 幸免于, 幸存, 生还

[510]The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

hunt (2) [hʌnt] v. 打猎, 猎取, 搜索, 搜寻, 猎获 n. 打猎, 猎取, 搜索, 搜寻, 狩猎
ocean (7) ['әuʃәn] n. 大海, 海洋, 许多, 广阔

[511]That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.

sea (5) [si:] n. 海洋, 大浪, 大量, 许多

[512]They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.

fishery (4) ['fiʃәri] n. 渔业, 水产业, 渔场, 养鱼术

[513]Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass （the amount of living biological matter） of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.

amount (4)  [ә'maunt] n. 数量 vi. (to) 总计, 等于
attempt (6)  [ә'tempt] n. 努力, 尝试, 企图 vt. 尝试, 企图
biomass (4)

[514]According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators （animals that kill and eat other animals） in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.

exploitation (3) [ˏeksplɔi'teiʃәn] n. 开发, 开采, 剥削, 自私的利用, 宣传, 广告
predator (1) ['predәtә] n. 掠夺者, 食肉动物

[515]In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.

halve (1) [hɑ:v] vt. 二等分, 平分, 分享, 减半

[516]Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.

acknowledge (5) [әk'nɔlidʒ] vt. 承认, 答谢, 报偿
conservative (4) [kәn'sә:vәtiv] adj. 保守的, 守旧的 n. 保守派

[517]One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago.

fishing (2)  ['fiʃiŋ] n. 钓鱼, 捕鱼
prey (1)  [prei] n. 被掠食者, 牺牲者, 掠食 vi. 捕食, 掠夺, 折磨
satellite (4)  ['sætәlait] n. 人造卫星
sonar (1)  ['sәunɑ:] n. 声纳, 声波定位仪
vessel (1)  ['vesl] n. 船, 容器, 器皿, 脉管, 导管

[518]That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.

proportion (2) [prә'pɔ:ʃәn] n. 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分 vt. 使成比例, 使均衡, 分摊
size (7) [saiz] n. 大小, 尺寸, (衣服等)尺码 vt. 依大小排列

[519]In the early days, too, lonelines would have been more saturated with fish.

saturated (1) ['sætʃәreitid] adj. 渗透的, 饱和的, 深颜色的

[520]Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.

baited (1)
hook (2)  [huk] n. 钩, 吊钩 v. 钩住, 沉迷, 上瘾
therefore (5)  ['eєәfɔ:] adv. 因此, 所以
underestimate (1)  ['ʌndәr'estimeit] vt. 低估, 看轻 n. 低估

[521]Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.

furthermore (1) [fә:eә'mɔ:(r)] adv. 此外, 而且
shark (2) [ʃɑ:k] n. [鱼]鲨鱼, 骗子<俚>内行, 专家 v. 敲诈

[522]Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account.

baseline (2) ['beislain] n. [计]基线
correct (2) [kә'rekt] adj. 正确的, 恰当的, 端正的 vt. 改正, 纠正, 告诫, 惩戒

[523]They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”.

biologist (2)  [bai'ɔlәdʒist] n. 生物学家
date (1)  [deit] n. 日期, 日子, (历史上某一)年代, 时期, 约会, 枣椰子 vt. 约会, 定日期 vi. 注明...的日期, 过时 [计] 显示或设置系统日期
marine (1)  [mә'ri:n] n. 舰队, 水兵, 海运业 adj. 海的, 海产的, 航海的, 船舶的, 海运的

[524]The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.

detect (1)  [di'tekt] vt. 察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测 v. 发现
notion (5)  ['nәuʃәn] n. 概念, 观念, 想法, 意见, 打算, 主张, (复数)<美语>小饰物
short (6)  [ʃɔ:t] n. 简略, 短路, 短裤 adj. 短的, 矮的, 不足的, 不够的, (智力等)弱的, 浅薄的, 松脆的, 简短 adv. 突然, 缺乏, 不足

[525]That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.

crop (3)  [krɔp] n. 农作物, 产量, 平头, 短发 vt. 收割, 修剪, 种植 vi. 收获
sustainable (1)  [sә'steinәbl] adj. 可以忍受的, 足可支撑的, 养得起的
yield (3)  [ji:ld] v. 出产, 生长, 生产 vi. (～ to)屈服, 屈从 n. 产量, 收益

[526]Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

artist (3)  ['ɑ:tist] n. 艺术家, 画家
emotion (4)  [i'mәuʃәn] n. 情绪, 情感, 感情
weird (1)  [wiәd] adj. 怪异的, 超自然的, 神秘的, 不可思议的, 超乎事理之外的 n. <古><苏格兰>命运, 预言, 符咒

[527]The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy.

painting (2) ['peintiŋ] n. 上油漆, 着色, 绘画, 油画 v. 描绘

[528]But somewhere from the 19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring ,as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.

boring (5)  ['bɔ:riŋ] n. 钻(孔) adj. 令人厌烦的
daffodil (1)  ['dæfәdil] n. 水仙花 adj. 水仙花色的
evil (1)  ['i:vl] adj. 邪恶的, 带来麻烦的, 不幸的, 有害的, 诽谤的 n. 邪恶, 不幸, 罪恶
flower (1)  ['flauә] n. 花, 开花的植物, 花卉, 精华, 盛时 vi. 开花, 旺盛, 成熟 vt. 用花装饰, 使开花
meaningless (2)  ['mi:niŋlis] adj. 无意义的
onward (1)  ['ɔnwәd] adj. 向前的 adv. 向前, 在前面
phony (1)  ['fәuni] adj. 假冒的 n. 假冒者
somewhere (1)  ['sʌm(h)wєә] adv. 某处, 在某处

[529]But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.

disaster (2)  [di'zɑ:stә] n. 灾难, 天灾, 灾祸
innocent (1)  ['inәsnt] adj. (～ of) 清白的, 无罪的, 天真的, 无知的
massacre (1)  ['mæsәkә] n. 残杀, 大屠杀 v. 残杀, 集体屠杀
perpetual (1)  [pә'petjuәl] adj. 永久的

[530]The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

damn (1) [dæm] v. 谴责

[531]After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness？ Advertising.

dedicate (2)  ['dedikeit] vt. 献(身), 致力, 题献(一部著作给某人)
depict (1)  [di'pikt] vt. 描述, 描写
expression (13)  [iks'preʃәn] n. 表达, 表情, 脸色, 声调, 腔调, 榨出, 语法, 措辞 n. [数] 式, 表达式, 符号

[532]The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

emergence (2) [i'mә:dʒәns] n. 浮现, 露出, (植物)突出体, 出现
ideology (2) [ˏaidi'ɔlәdʒi, id-] n. 意识形态

[533]People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery.

era (1)  ['iәrә] n. 时代, 纪元, 时期, [地]代
reminder (5)  [ri'maindә] n. 提醒的人, 暗示
surround (3)  [sә'raund] vt. 包围, 环境 v. 围绕

[534]They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young.

die (14) [dai] vi. 死亡, 消逝, 平息, 渴望, 漠然, 熄灭 vt. 死 n. 骰子, 钢型, 硬模, 冲模
exhaust (1) [ig'zɔ:st] vt. 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽 vi. 排气 n. 排气, 排气装置 adj. 用不完的, 不会枯竭的

[535]In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.

danger (7)  ['deindʒә] n. 危险, 危险物, 威胁
literacy (1)  ['litәrәsi] n. 有文化，有教养，有读写能力
meat (3)  [mi: t] n. (食用)肉, 肉类
medium (1)  ['mi:djәm] n. 媒体, 方法, 媒介 adj. 中间的, 中等的, 半生熟的
remind (1)  [ri'maind] vt. 提醒, 使想起
someday (2)  ['sʌmdei] adv. 有一天
soul (3)  [sәul] n. 灵魂, 心灵, 精神, 精力
worm (1)  [wә:m] n. 虫, 蠕虫, 蚯蚓, 蜗杆, 螺纹, 小人物 vi. 蠕行, 慢慢前进 vt. 使蠕行, 慢慢地走, 给(烟草作物)除虫
worshipper (1)  礼拜[崇拜, 爱慕]者

[536]Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

bummer (1) ['bʌmә] n. 无赖, 游民, 游荡者, 乞讨者

[537]Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial and forever happy .

forever (1) [fә'revә] adv. 永远, 永恒, 永久, 常常, 始终

[538]Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling.

anchor (2)  ['æŋkә] n. 锚 v. 抛锚, 锚定
eater (1)  ['i:tә] n. 吃的人, [常用以构成复合词]吃...的人, 吃...的动物
messenger (1)  ['mesindʒә] n. 报信者, 使者
text (1)  [tekst] n. 正文, 原文, 课文, 课本

[539]Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes.

beam (1) [bi:m] n. 梁, 桁条, (光线的)束, 柱, 电波, 横梁 v. 播送
perfect (3) ['pә:fikt] n. 完成式 adj. 完美的, 全然的, 理想的, 正确的, 熟练的, 精通的完成式的 vt. 使完美, 修改, 使熟练

[540]And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets－they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.

lure (2)  [ljuә] v. 引诱
unreliable (2)  ['ʌnri'laiәbl] adj. 不可靠的
wallet (2)  ['wɔlit] n. 皮夹, 钱夹, 钓鱼带

[541]“Celebrate！” Commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

arthritis (1)  [ɑ:'θraitis] n. 关节炎
attack (6)  [ә'tæk] n. 进攻, 攻击, (用语言)抨击, 批评, 疾病发作, 侵袭 vt. 攻击, 抨击, 动手处理(某事) vi. 攻击
heart (6)  [hɑ:t] n. 心, 心脏, 中心, 心地, 心情, 精神, 宝贝儿, 感情 vt. 把...放在中心

[542]But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting——is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.

pain (13) [pein] n. 痛苦, 疼, 痛, 劳苦, 努力 vt. 使痛苦
pleasure (2) ['pleʒә] n. 愉快, 快乐, 乐事, 乐趣, 意志, 愿望

[543]The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.

disappointment (1) [ˏdisә'pɔintmәnt] n. 失望

[544]Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.

deny (1) [di'nai] v. 否认, 拒绝

[545]It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

bitter (1)  ['bitә] adj. 苦的, 痛苦的, 怀恨的
breath (1)  [breθ] n. 呼吸, 气息, 气味, 空气, 微风, 暂停, 瞬间
clove (1)  [klәuv] n. [植]丁香 vbl. cleave 的过去式
fresh (1)  [freʃ] adj. 新鲜的, 无经验的, 生的, 冒失的, 鲜艳的 adv. 最新地, 刚刚 n. 开始, 泛滥

[546]Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.

vanish (2) ['væniʃ] vi. 消失, 突然不见, [数]成为零 n. [语]弱化音

[547]Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.

slacking (1)

[548]Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

assumption (4)  [ә'sʌmpʃәn] n. 假定, 设想, 担任, 承当, 假装, 作态
behaviour (9)  [bi'heivjә] n. 行为, 举止, 习性
finely (2)  ['fainli] adv. 细微地, 美好地
grievance (2)  ['gri:vәns] n. 委屈, 冤情, 不平
regard (15)  [ri'gɑ:d] n. 关心, 注意, 尊敬, 尊重, 致意, 问候, 关系 vt. 看待, 当作, 重视, 尊敬, 关系
sense (10)  [sens] n. 官能, 感觉, 判断力, 见识, ...感, 意义, 理性 vt. 感到, 理解, 认识
underlie (6)  [ˏʌndә'lai] vt. 位于...之下, 成为...的基础

[549]But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

monkey (12) ['mʌŋki] n. 猴子

[550]The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.

brown (1) [braun] n. 褐色 adj. 褐色的, 棕色的 v. (使)成褐色, 晒黑

[551]They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily.

tardily (1) ['tɑ:dili] adv. 缓慢

[552]Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

close (9) [klәuz] v. 关, 关闭, 结束, 停止, 使靠近, 靠拢, 会合, 包围 n. 结束 adj. 近的, 紧密的, 精密的, 齐根的, 封闭的, 亲密的, 闷气的 adv. 接近, 紧密地

[553]The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.

token (6) ['tәukәn] n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的

[554]Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.

cucumber (5)  ['kju:kʌmbә] n. [植]黄瓜
rock (5)  [rɔk] n. 岩石, 暗礁, 石头, 摇动 vt. 摇摆, 使动摇 vi. 摇, 摇动
slice (3)  [slais] n. 薄片, 切片, 一份, 部分, 片段 v. 切(片)

[555]However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

adjoining (2) [ә'dʒɔiniŋ] adj. 邻接的, 隔壁的
chamber (5) ['tʃeimbә] n. 室, 房间, 议院, 会所, (枪)膛

[556]In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.

grape (5)  [greip] n. 葡萄, 葡萄树
hers (1)  [hә:z] pron. 她的
luxury (1)  ['lʌkʃәri] n. 奢侈, 华贵
mere (7)  [miә] adj. 仅仅的, 起码的, 纯粹的
preferable (1)  ['prefәrәbl] adj. 更可取的, 更好的, 更优越的

[557]And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .

refuse (5) [ri'fju:z] vt. 拒绝, 谢绝 n. 废物, 垃圾
toss (2) [tɔs] v. 投, 掷

[558]Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

resentment (1) [ri'zentmәnt] n. 怨恨, 愤恨

[559]In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.

cheat (1)  [tʃi:t] n. 欺骗, 骗子 v. 欺骗, 骗取
stable (3)  ['steibl] adj. 稳定的
wild (2)  [waild] adj. 野性的, 野生的, 野蛮的, 狂热的, 疯狂的

[560]Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.

abundantly (1)  adv. 丰富地
feeling (13)  ['fi:liŋ] n. 触觉, 知觉, 感觉, 情绪, 同情 adj. 富于感情的, 富于同情心的, 衷心的, 有同情心的, 有感觉的, 仁慈的
indignation (1)  [ˏindig'neiʃәn] n. 愤慨, 义愤
righteous (1)  ['raitʃәs] adj. 正直的, 正当的, 正义的

[561]However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

evolve (3)  [i'vɔlv] v. (使)发展, (使)进展, (使)进化
fairness (2)  ['fєәnis] n. 公平, 正直, 美好, 明亮, 清晰, 适当, 顺利性
independently (2)  [indi'pendәntli] adv. 独立地, 自立地
unanswered (2)  [ʌn'ɑ:nsәd] adj. 未答复的, 无反应的

[562]Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure?

doubter (2) 怀疑者

[563]That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?

inconclusive (3) [ˏinkәn'klu:siv] adj. 非决定的
uncertain (3) [ʌn'sә:tn] adj. 无常的, 不确定的, 不可预测的, 靠不住的

[564]Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

grave (1)  [greiv] n. 墓穴, 坟墓 adj. 严重的, (颜色)黯淡的, (声音)低沉的 v. 雕刻, 铭记
nonsense (1)  ['nɔnsәns] n. 胡说, 废话
smoker (1)  ['smәukә] 熏制(肉类)者

[565]There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.

awaken (4)  [ә'weikәn] v. 唤醒, 醒来, 唤起
threat (4)  [θret] n. 恐吓, 凶兆, 威胁
upset (4)  [ʌp'set] vt. 颠覆, 推翻, 扰乱, 使不适, 使心烦 vi. 翻倒, 倾覆 n. 翻倒, 混乱
warming (6)  ['wɔ:miŋ] (比赛前的)准备动作的热身的加温升温

[566]The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

definitely (2)  ['definitli] adv. 明确地, 干脆地
enlist (2)  [in'list] v. 征募, 谋取(支持、赞助等), 应募, 赞助, 支持, 征召, 参军
warm (2)  [wɔ:m] adj. 暖和的, 暖的, 温暖的, 色情的, 激烈的, 热烈的, 多情的, 兴奋的 adv. (常用以构成复合词)暖和地 vt. 使温暖, 弄热, 使兴奋, 使热烈 vi. 变暖和, 变温暖, 激动, 同情, 爱好 n. 暖, 保暖物

[567]The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.

protect (6) [prә'tekt] vt. 保护

[568]The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .

preface (3) ['prefis] n. 序文, 绪言, 前言 vi. 作序, 写前言 vt. 为...写序言, 开始

[569]But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

policy (10) ['pɔlisi] n. 政策, 方针

[570]Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.

fume (2) [fju:m] n. (浓烈或难闻的)烟, 气体, 一阵愤怒(或不安) v. 用烟熏, 冒烟, 发怒

[571]This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.

dangerous (5) ['deindʒrәs] adj. 危险的

[572]With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

prudent (1) ['pru:dәnt] adj. 谨慎的

[573]Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention.

fortunately (2) ['fɔ:tʃәnәtli] adv. 幸运地

[574]But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.

adviser (1) n. 顾问, <美> (学生的)指导老师

[575]Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.

classic (2) ['klæsik] n. 杰作, 名著 adj. 第一流的

[576]To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research but research alone is inadequate.

atmospheric (1)  [ˏætmәs'ferik] adj. 大气的
deep (10)  [di:p] adj. 深的, 纵深的, 远离中心的, 深奥的, 难懂的, (指人)诡计多端的, 低沉的(声音) adv. 深入地, 迟 n. 深渊, 深处
forward (2)  ['fɔ:wәd] adj. 早的, 迅速的, 前进的 vt. 转寄, 促进, 运送 adv. 向前地, 向将来 n. [体](足球等)前锋
inadequate (1)  [in'ædikwit] adj. 不充分的, 不适当的
oceanic (1)  [ˏәuʃi'ænik] adj. 海洋的, 海洋产出的, 生活于海洋的
serve (6)  [sә:v] v. 当仆人, 服务, 服役, 供职, 招待, 侍候, 供应, 适合 n. 发球
steward (1)  ['stjuәd] n. (轮船, 飞机等)乘务员, 干事

[577]If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .

conservation (3) [ˏkɔnsә(:)'veiʃәn] n. 保存, 保持, 守恒
fashion (6) ['fæʃәn] n. 样子, 方式, 流行, 风尚, 时样 vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把...塑造成, 使适应, 使适合, 改革, 改变

[578]A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start .

bill (6) [bil] n. 帐单, 钞票, 票据, 清单, 议案, 法案, 广告 vt. 用海报宣传, 把...列成表, 给...开帐单
incentive (2) [in'sentiv] n. 动机 adj. 激励的

[579]If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

crucial (6)  ['kru:ʃiәl, 'kru:ʃәl] adj. 至关紧要的
environmentally (1)
sound (7)  [saund] n. 声音, 语音, 噪音, 吵闹, 海峡, 听力范围, 探条 adj. 健全的, 可靠的, 合理的, 有效彻底的, 健康的 adv. 彻底地, 充分地 vi. 发出声音, 回响, 测深, 听起来 vt. 使发声, 宣告, 听诊, 测...深, 试探

[580]Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control.

dream (24) [dri:m] v. 做梦, 梦见, 梦想, 想到 n. 梦, 梦想
sleep (11) [sli:p] vi. 睡, 睡觉 n. 睡眠

[581]In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.

logic (1)  ['lɔdʒik] n. 逻辑, 逻辑学, 逻辑性
suspend (2)  [sәs'pend] vt. 吊, 悬挂 v. 延缓
window (1)  ['windәu] n. 窗, 窗口

[582]A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s.

disguise (2)  [dis'gaiz] v. 假装, 伪装, 掩饰 n. 伪装
formulate (2)  ['fɔ:mjuleit] vt. 用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述 v. 阐明
revolutionary (2)  ['revә'lu:ʃәnәri] adj. 革命的
shadow (2)  ['ʃædәu] n. 阴影, 影子, 影像, 预兆, 庇护, 隐蔽处, 阴暗, 少许 vt. 遮蔽, 使朦胧, 预示, 尾随 vi. 渐变, 变阴暗

[583]neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

byproduct (2) n. 副产品
neurologist (2) [njuә'rɔlәdʒist] n. 神经学者, 神经科专门医师

[584]Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center.

chair (5)  [tʃєә] n. 椅子, 教授职位, 主席位, 讲座 vt. 使入座, 使就任要职
conscious (4)  ['kɔnʃәs] adj. 有意识的, 有知觉的, 故意的, 羞怯的
emotional (6)  [i'mәuʃәnl] adj. 情绪的, 情感的
harnessed (2)
intensely (2)  adv. 激烈地, 热情地
regulate (4)  ['regjuleit] vt. 管制, 控制, 调节, 校准
thermostat (2)  ['θә:mәstæt] n. 自动调温器, 温度调节装置

[585]Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.

imaging (1) [i'mædʒiŋ] [计] 成像

[586]The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.

active (3)  ['æktiv] adj. 积极的, 能起作用的, 现行的, [语法]主动的, 活动的, 活跃的, 活性的 n. [语法] 主动语态, 积极分子
awake (2)  [ә'weik] vi. 醒, 觉醒, 领会, 觉悟 vt. 唤醒 adj. 警觉的, 醒的
movement (10)  ['mu:vmәnt] n. 运动, 动作, 运转, 乐章
vivid (2)  ['vivid] adj. 生动的, 鲜明的, 鲜艳的, 大胆的, 清晰的, 活泼的, 逼真的

[587]But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet.

center (1)  ['sentә] n. 中心, 中央, 中心点, 中锋 adj. 中央的, 位于正中的 vt. 集中, 使聚集在一点, 定中心, 居中 vi. 居中, 有中心, 被置于中心
cortex (1)  ['kɔ:teks] n. (植物的)皮层, 树皮, (脑或肾的)皮层, 皮质
equally (6)  ['i:kwәli] adv. 相等地, 平等地, 公平地
intellect (10)  ['intilekt] n. 智力
quiet (4)  ['kwaiәt] adj. 静止的, 宁静的, 从容的 n. 安静, 闲适 vi. 平静下来 vt. 使平静, 使安心, 减轻(疑虑、恐惧等)

[588]“We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.

depressed (1) [di'prest] adj. 沮丧的, 降低的

[589]The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.

clinic (2)  ['klinik] n. 门诊部, 临床
link (6)  [liŋk] n. 链环, 连结物, 火把, 链接 vt. 连结, 联合, 挽 vi. 连接起来
patient (24)  ['peiʃәnt] n. 病人, 患者 adj. 忍耐的, 耐心的

[590]Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.

significance (2) [sig'nifikәns] n. 意义, 重要性

[591]Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.

recur (1) [ri'kә:] vi. 复发, 重现, 再来

[592]With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

literally (2) ['litәrәli] adv. 照字面意义, 逐字地

[593]At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety.

panic (4) ['pænik] n. 惊慌, 恐慌, 没有理由的
uncertainty (1) [ʌn'sә:tnti] n. 无常, 不确定, 不可靠, 半信半疑

[594]Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us; the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.

nightmare (1) ['naitmeә(r)] n. 梦魇, 恶梦, 可怕的事物
persistent (1) [pә'sistәnt] adj. 持久稳固的

[595]Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

morning (4) ['mɔ:niŋ] n. 早晨, 上午

[596]④A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s.

rear (1) [riә] n. 后面, 背后, 后方, 屁股 adj. 后面的, 背面的, 后方的 vt. 培养, 饲养, 举起, 树立, 栽种 vi. 高耸, 暴跳, 用后腿站起

[597]⑥At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says.

u (1)

[598]American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift.

speech (3) [spi:tʃ] n. 演说, 讲话语音

[599]In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

degradation (2)  [ˏdegrә'deiʃәn] n. 降级, 降格, 退化
liberal (4)  ['libәrәl] n. 自由主义者, (尤指英国、加拿大等国的) adj. 慷慨的, 不拘泥的, 宽大的, 自由主义的
linguist (3)  ['liŋgwist] n. 语言学家
triumph (5)  ['traiәmf] n. 胜利, 成功 v. 获得胜利

[600]But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.

authentic (1)  [ɔ:'θentik] adj. 可信的
cult (1)  [kʌlt] n. 礼拜, 祭仪, 一群信徒, 礼拜式
poetry (8)  ['pәuitri, 'pәuetri] n. 诗, 作诗法, 诗意, 诗情
spell (2)  [spel] n. 符咒, 魅力, 一段时间, 轮班 vt. 拼写, 拼成, 意味着, 轮值, 招致, 迷住 vi. 轮替, 拼字

[601]While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.

elevated (2)  ['eliveitid] adj. 提高的, 严肃的, 欢欣的
modestly (2)  adv. 谨慎地, 适当地
pen (2)  [pen] n. 钢笔, 围栏, 围圈, 作家 vt. 写, 关入栏中
tone (2)  [tәun] n. 音调, 音质, 语调, 色调, 状况, 品质, 语气, 气氛 vt. 调和, 增强, 以特殊腔调说, 配合, 定音调 vi. 颜色调和

[602]Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.

genre (1)  [ʒɑ:ŋr] n. 类型, 流派
liveliness (1)  ['laivlinis] n. 活泼
performative (1)  [pә'fɔ:mәtiv] adj. [语][哲](表)述行(为)的  n. [语]述行语,述行成分

[603]In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

craft (1)  [krɑ:ft] n. 工艺, 手艺
oral (1)  ['ɔ:rәl] adj. 口头的
speaking (1)  ['spi:kiŋ] n. 谈话, 演讲 adj. 讲话的, 适于说的, 象要开口似的
spontaneity (1)  [ˏspɔntә'ni:iti] n. 自发性
written (1)  ['ritn] vbl. write的过去分词

[604]Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable.

document (1)  ['dɔkjumәnt] n. 公文, 文件, 文档, 档案, 文献 v. 证明
entertaining (1)  [entә'teiniŋ] adj. 愉快的, 有趣的 n. 招待, 款待
unmistakable (1)  ['ʌnmis'teikәbl] adj. 明白的, 不会弄错的

[605]But it is less clear to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care.

subtitle (1) ['sʌbtaitl] n. 副题(书本中的), 说明对白的字幕

[606]As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .

convey (1)  [kәn'vei] vt. 搬运, 传达, 转让
dialect (1)  ['daiәlekt] n. 方言, 语调
powerfully (1)  adv. 强大地, 强烈地

[607]Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.

chunk (1) [tʃʌŋk] n. 大块, 矮胖的人或物
elaborate (1) [i'læbәrәt] adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt. 精心制作, 详细阐述 v. 详细描述

[608]Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.

beautiful (3)  ['bju:tәful, -tiful] adj. 美丽的, 很好的
grieve (1)  [gri:v] v. (使)悲痛, (使)伤心, 忧伤
radical (5)  ['rædikәl] adj. 根本的, 基本的, 激进的 n. 激进分子
strictly (1)  ['striktli] adv. 严格地, 确实地
useful (2)  ['ju:sful] adj. 有用的, 有益的, 有帮手的

[609]We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”.

china (1) ['tʃainә] 陶瓷, 瓷器, 瓷料
plate (15) [pleit] n. 盘子, 金属板, 图版, 金银餐具 vt. 镀（金, 银等）, 电镀, 给...装钢板

[610]③Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

academic (6)  [ˏækә'demik] adj. 学院的, 理论的
disappearance (1)  [ˏdisә'piәrәns] n. 不见, 消失
gradual (3)  ['grædjuәl] adj. 逐渐的, 逐步的, 渐进的
natural (12)  ['nætʃәrәl] adj. 自然的, 自然界的, 关于自然界的, 天生的, 天赋的, 普通的, 正常的, 简单自然的本位号
speciality (1)  [ˏspeʃi'æliti] n. 特性, 特质, 专业, 特殊性

[611]Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet.

across (4)  [ә'krɔs] adv. 横过, 交叉地, 在对面 prep. 越过, 交叉, 在...的那边, 在...对面那边
hunting (2)  ['hʌntiŋ] n. 打猎, 搜索, 追逐
stumble (1)  ['stʌmbl] v. 绊倒, 使困惑, 蹒跚, 结结巴巴地说话, 踌躇 n. 绊倒, 错误

[612]He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent".

agent (13) ['eidʒәnt] n. 代理(商)

[613]It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

criterion (3)  [krai'tiәriәn] n. (批评判断的)标准, 准据, 规范
interactive (2)  [ˏintәr'æktiv] adj. 交互式的
location (6)  [lәu'keiʃәn] n. 位置, 场所, 特定区域，<美>[电影]外景拍摄场地
matching (2)  ['mætʃiŋ] [计] 匹配
salary (2)  ['sælәri] n. 薪水 vt. 给...加薪
visitor (6)  ['vizitә] n. 访问者, 来宾, 游客

[614]Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening.

keyword (1)  ['ki:wәd] 关键字
notification (1)  [ˏnәutifi'keiʃәn] n. 通知, 布告, 告示
opening (2)  ['әupniŋ] n. 开, 开放, 开始, 口子, 穴, 通路, 空缺, 机会 adj. 开始的, 开幕的

[615]"I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.

counsel (1)  ['kaunsәl] n. 讨论, 商议, 辩护律师 vt. 劝告, 忠告
gold (2)  [gәuld] n. 黄金, 金币 adj. 金的, 金制的
resume (1)  [ri'zju:m] n. 摘要, 概略, <美> 履历 vt. 再继续, 重新开始, 重新占用, 再用, 恢复
win (6)  [win] v. (获)胜, 赢得, 劝诱, 取得胜利 n. 赢, 胜利

[616]With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient.

inefficient (1) [ˏini'fiʃәnt] adj. 效率低的, 效率差的, (指人)不能胜任的, 无能的

[617]But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.

career (8) [kә'riә] n. (原意：道路, 轨道)事业, 生涯, 速度
drawback (1) ['drɔ:ˏbæk] n. 缺点, 障碍, 退还的关税, 退税(指进口货物再出口时退还其进口时的关税)

[618]For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do — then broaden it.

broaden (1) ['brɔ:dn] v. 放宽, 变宽, 扩大, 加宽

[619]"There's no career counseling implicit in all of this."

counseling (1) ['kaunsәliŋ] n. (对个人,社会以及心理等问题的)咨询服务
implicit (1) [im'plisit] adj. 暗示的, 盲从的, 含蓄的, 固有的, 不怀疑的, 绝对的

[620]Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.

abreast (2) [ә'brest] adv. 并肩地, 并排地
tip (3) [tip] n. 顶, 尖端, 梢, 倾斜, 轻击, 末端, 小费, 秘密消息 vt. 在...顶端装附加物, 使倾斜, 使翻倒, 暗示, 轻击, 给, 泄露, 给小费 vi. 倾斜, 翻倒, 倾覆, 踮脚走, 给小费 n. 提示, 技巧

[621]When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches.

match (3) [mætʃ] n. 火柴, 比赛, 竞赛, 匹配, (足球, 捧球, 蓝球)比赛 v. 相配, 相称, 比赛, 相比, 匹配

[622]"On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.

sharp (1) [ʃɑ:p] n. 高调, 内行, 利刃, 骗子 adj. 锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的, 强烈的, 刺耳的, 急剧的, 精明的, 敏捷的 adv. 整, 锐利地, 急速地日本夏普公司
vice (1) [vais] n. 恶习, 恶行, 坏脾气, 罪恶, 堕落, 老虎钳, 缺点, 缺陷 vt. 钳住 prep. 代替

[623]Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.

worthwhile (3) ['wә:e'(h)wail] adj. 值得做的, 值得出力的

[624]Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.

compensation (2)  [kɔmpen'seiʃәn] n. 补偿, 赔偿
negotiate (2)  [ni'gәuʃieit] v. (与某人)商议, 谈判, 磋商, ,买卖, 让渡(支票、债券等), 通过, 越过
watch (6)  [wɔtʃ] n. 注视, 注意, 手表, 看守, 守护, 监视, 值班人 vt. 看, 注视, 照顾, 监视, 警戒, 守护, 看守 vi. 观看, 注视, 守侯 adj. 手表的, 挂表的

[625]Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder.

employ (6)  [im'plɔi] vt. 雇用, 用, 使用 v. 使用 n. 雇用
happily (1)  ['hæpili] adv. 幸福地, 愉快地, 恰当地, 幸亏
maintain (3)  [men'tein] vt. 维持, 维修, 继续, 供养, 主张

[626]Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.

condemn (1)  [kәn'dem] vt. 判刑, 处刑, 声讨, 谴责
discrimination (4)  [disˏkrimi'neiʃәn] n. 辨别, 区别, 识别力, 辨别力, 歧视
illegal (3)  [i'li:gәl] adj. 违法的, 不合规定的
unfairness (1)

[627]But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism.

insidious (1) [in'sidiәs] adj. 阴险的

[628]This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

alphabet (8)  ['æ:lfәbit] n. 字母表
disadvantage (3)  [ˏdisәd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n. 不利, 不利条件, 缺点, 劣势
letter (6)  ['letә] n. 文字, 字母, 信函, 字面意义, 铅字, 证书, 文学, 学问 vt. 用字母标明, 在...上刻(或题)字 vi. 写印刷体字母
refer (5)  [ri'fә:] vt. 提交, 谈及, 归诸于, 指点把...提交, 使求助于 vi. 提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询
surname (7)  ['sә:neim] n. 姓 v. 用姓称呼

[629]It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.

directory (2)  [di'rektәri] n. 姓名地址录, 目录
phone (4)  [fәun] n. 电话, 电话机 v. (给...)打电话
taxi (4)  ['tæksi] n. 出租汽车 v. 乘坐出租汽车
thumb (2)  [θʌm] n. 拇指 vt. 以拇指拨弄, 笨拙处理, 弄坏, 翻阅, 作搭车手势 vi. 用拇指翻书页

[630]English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet.

evenly (1) ['i:vәnli] adv. 均匀地, 平坦地

[631]Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.

predecessor (2)  ['pri:disesә] n. 前辈, 前任, (被取代的)原有事物
respectively (3)  [ri'spektivli] adv. 分别地, 各个地
suspiciously (1)  adv. 猜疑着, 怀疑着

[632]Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi).

alphabetically (8) adv. 按字母顺序地
striking (1) ['straikiŋ] adj. 打击的, 显著的, 惊人的, 罢工的

[633]The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters.

central (5) [sen'trɑ:l] adj. 中心的, 中央的, 重要的, 主要的, 中枢的, 走中间道路的 n. <美>电话总机
character (3) ['kæriktә] n. (事物的)特性, 性质, 特征(的总和), (人的)品质, 字符, 性格, 特征, 人物 vt. 写, 刻, 印, 使具有特征

[634]One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.

disadvantaged (4)  [disәd'vɑ:ntidʒ] adj. 贫穷的,处于不利地位的
rot (2)  [rɔt] v. (使)腐烂, (使)腐败 n. 腐烂, 腐败
spare (2)  [spєә] adj. 多余的, 剩下的, 高而瘦的人的, 少量的, 贫乏的, 备用的 v. 节约, 节省, 不伤害, 宽恕, 分让, 提供给某人

[635]At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names.

front (2)  [frʌnt] n. 前面, 开头, 前线, (政治上的)阵线, 态度, 外表 vt. 面对, 朝向, 对付 vi. 朝向
infant (1)  ['infәnt] n. 婴儿, 幼儿 adj. 婴儿的, 幼稚的
pupil (2)  ['pju:pl, 'pju:pil] n. 学生, 小学生, 瞳孔

[636]So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers.

insensitive (1)  [in'sensitiv] adj. 对...没有感觉的, 感觉迟钝的
junior (1)  ['dʒu:njә] n. 年少者, 晚辈, 下级, (年龄、职位等)较低者, 大学三年级学生 adj. 年少的, 下级的, 后进的
pose (3)  [pәuz] n. 姿势, 姿态 v. (使...)摆好姿势, 形成, 引起, 造成 vi. 摆姿势, 佯装, 矫揉造作

[637]At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape.

lucky (2) ['lʌki] adj. 幸运的, 吉祥的, 侥幸的

[638]Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.

confidence (5)  ['kɔnfidәns] n. 信心
publicly (1)  ['pʌblikli] adv. 公然地, 舆论上
qualification (3)  [ˏkwɔlifi'keiʃәn] n. 资格, 条件, 限制, 限定, 赋予资格

[639]The humiliation continues.

humiliation (1) [hju:ˏmili'eiʃәn] n. 羞辱, 蒙耻

[640]At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.

ABC (1)  ['eibi:'si:] n. 字母表, 基本知识 abbr. 美国广播公司 abbr. 澳大利亚广播公司
award (2)  [ә'wɔ:d] n. 奖, 奖品 vt. 授予, 判给
ceremony (1)  ['serimәni] n. 典礼, 仪式, 礼节, 报幕员
graduation (1)  [ˏgrædju'eiʃәn] n. 毕业, 毕业典礼, 刻度, 分等级
proudly (1)  adv. 骄傲地

[641]Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

attendee (2)  [æten'di:] n. 出席者,参加者,在场者
ballot (2)  ['bælәt] n. 选举票, 投票, 票数 vi. 投票
conference (5)  ['kɔnfәrәns] n. 会议, 讨论会, 协商会
draw (9)  [drɔ:] v. 拉, 曳, 牵, 画, 绘制, 拖曳 vt. 汲取, 领取, 提取, 引起, 吸引 vi. 向...移动, 挨近 n. 平局, 和局, 拖曳
interview (4)  ['intәvju:] vt. 接见, 会见 n. 接见, 会见
plough (2)  [plau] n. 犁 v. 耕, 犁, 犁耕, 费力穿过, 艰苦前进, 在考试中淘汰
shortlist (2)  ['ʃɔ:tlist] n. <英>供最后挑选(或考虑)用的候选人名单
speaker (2)  ['spi:kә] n. 说话者, 演讲人, 演说者, 扬声器, 喇叭

[642]When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet.

bite (2)  [bait] n. 咬, 咬伤, 一口, 刺痛 v. 咬, 刺痛 abbr. [军] Built-In Test Equipment, 机内测试设备
nail (4)  [neil] n. 指甲, 钉, 钉子 vt. 钉, 将...钉牢
slow (4)  [slәu] adj. 慢的, 迟钝的, 不活跃的, 缓慢的 v. (～ down)(使)慢下来, (使)减速, 减缓 adv. 缓慢

[643]But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either.

manicurist (2) ['mænikjuәrist] n. 指甲修饰师
polish (2) ['pɔliʃ] n. 磨光, 光泽, 上光剂, 优雅, 精良 vt. 擦亮, 发亮, 磨光, 推敲 vi. 发亮, 变光滑 adj. 波兰的 n. 波兰人

[644]Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.

client (2)  ['klaiәnt] n. [计]顾客, 客户, 委托人
longtime (1)  ['lɔŋtaim;'lɔ:ŋ-] adj. (已持续)长时间的,为时甚久的 adv. 长久
weekly (1)  ['wi:kli] adj. 每星期的, 一周的 adv. 每周一次 n. 周刊, 周报

[645]Spero blames the softening economy.

soften (1) ['sɔ(:)fn] v. (使)变柔软, (使)变柔和

[646]"I'm a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars."

indicator (1) ['indikeitә] n. 指示器, [化]指示剂

[647]So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus.

downscale (1) 缩减...规模
suburban (1) [sә'bә:bәn] adj. 郊外的, 偏远的

[648]"I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too," she says.

abandon (7) [ә'bændәn] vt. 放弃, 遗弃 n. 放任, 狂热

[649]Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.

admission (1)  [әd'miʃәn] n. 允许进入, 承认某事之陈述, 供认
cool (3)  [ku:l] n. 凉爽, 凉爽的空气 adj. 凉爽, 冷静的, 无所顾虑的, 淡漠的 v. 使冷, 使镇定
slowdown (2)  n. 降低速度, 减速

[650]From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.

dealership (1)  ['di:lәʃip] n. 代理权, 经销权
gap (1)  [gæp] n. 缺口, 裂口, 间隙, 缝隙, 差距, 隔阂
lag (2)  [læg] n. 落后, 囚犯, 迟延, 桶板, 防护套 adj. 最后的 vi. 缓缓而行, 滞后 vt. 落后于, 押往监狱, 加上外套
outlet (2)  ['autlet, -lit] n. 出口, 出路
shopper (1)  ['ʃɔpә] n. 购物者
spending (1)  ['spendiŋ] n. 开销,花费
temper (1)  ['tempә] n. (钢等)韧度, 回火, 性情, 脾气, 情绪, 心情, 调剂, 趋向 v. (冶金)回火、锻炼, 调和, 调节

[651]Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace.

pace (2) [peis] n. (一)步, 速度, 步调, 步法, 步态 vi. 踱步, 缓慢的走 vt. 用步测, 踱步于, (马)溜花蹄

[652]But don't sound any alarms just yet.

alarm (1) [ә'lɑ:m] n. 警报, 惊慌, 警告器 vt. 恐吓, 警告

[653]Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

concerned (5)  [kәn'sә:nd] adj. 关心的, 有关的
optimistic (5)  [ˏɔpti'mistik] adj. 乐观的
prospects (7)

[654]Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.

despair (3) [dis'pєә] n. 绝望, 失望, 令人失望的人(事物) vi. 绝望
dreadful (2) ['dredful] adj. 可怕的, <口>讨厌的

[655]Home prices are holding steady in most regions.

steady (1) ['stedi] adj. 稳固的, 稳定的, 坚定的, 扎实的, 坚定不移的 v. (使)稳定, (使)稳固

[656]In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran.

bonus (1)  ['bәunәs] n. 奖金, 红利
broker (2)  ['brәukә] n. 掮客, 经纪人
predominantly (1)

[657]In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.

frenzied (1) ['frenzid] adj. 狂热的, 激怒的, 狂乱的
overbidding (1)

[658]"Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker.

maybe (1) ['meibi] adv. 大概, 或许 n. 疑虑

[659]And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.

comfortable (3) ['kʌmfәtәbl] adj. 舒适的

[660]Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown.

lining (1) ['lainiŋ] n. 加衬里, 内层, 衬套
silver (1) ['silvә] n. 银, 银子 vt. 镀银

[661]Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.

cheer (2) [tʃiә] n. 愉快, 欢呼 v. (使)快活, (对)欢呼

[662]Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.

bubble (1) ['bʌbl] n. 泡沫, 幻想的计划 vi. 起泡, 潺潺的流

[663]Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.

boom (6)  [bu:m] n. 繁荣, 隆隆声 v. 发隆隆声, 兴隆, 大事宣传
ingredient (2)  [in'gri:diәnt] n. 成分, 因素
sustained (2)  [sәs'teind] adj. 持续不变的, 相同的
swing (3)  [swiŋ] v. 摇摆, 摆动, 回转, 旋转 n. 秋千, 摇摆, 摆动

[664]Diners might see an upside, too.

diner (1) ['dainә(r)] n. 用餐者
upside (1) ['ʌpsaid] n. 上边, 上面, 上部

[665]Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible.

impossible (4) [im'pɔsәbl] adj. 不可能的, 不会发生的, 难以忍受的
table (2) ['teibl] n. 桌子, 餐桌, 工作台, 平地层, 石板, 表格 adj. 桌子的, 台子的 vt. 搁置, 嵌合, 制表

[666]Not anymore.

anymore (1) ['enimɔ:] adv. 不再, 再也不

[667]For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

toast (1) [tәust] n. 烤面包(片), 吐司面包, 干杯 vt. 敬酒, 烤(面包等), 使暖和 vi. 烤暖, 烤火, 烘

[668]Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.

athlete (2)  ['æθli:t] n. 运动员, 运动选手
entertainer (1)  [entә'teinә(r)] n. 款待者, 表演娱乐节目的人, 演艺人员
entrepreneur (1)  [ˏɔntrәprә'nә:] n. <法>企业家, 主办人
hero (2)  ['hiәrәu] n. 英雄, 男主角, 男主人公

[669]Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.

sake (1) [seik] n. 为了...之好处, 出于对...的兴趣, 缘故, 理由, 日本米酒

[670]Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.

pervasive (3) [pә:'veisiv] adj. 普遍深入的
symptom (3) ['simptәm] n. [医][植]症状, 征兆

[671]"Schools could be a counterbalance."

counterbalance (3) [ˏkauntә'bælәns] vt. 使平均, 使平衡, 弥补 n. 平衡量, 平衡力, 势均力敌

[672]Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

trace (2) [treis] n. 痕迹, 踪迹, 微量, 迹线, 缰绳 vt. 描绘, 映描, 画轮廓, 追踪, 回溯, 探索 vi. 上溯, 沿路走

[673]Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.

reject (3) [ri'dʒekt] n. 被拒之人, 被弃之物, 不合格品, 落选者, 不及格者 vt. 拒绝, 抵制, 否决, 呕出, 驳回, 丢弃
vulnerable (2) ['vʌlnәrәb(ә)l] adj. 易受攻击的, 易受...的攻击

[674]Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.

critically (2)  ['kritikәli] adv. 批评地, 用钻研眼光地, 精密地, 危急地
defend (6)  [di'fend] vt. 防护, 辩护, 防卫, [律]作...的辩护律师
democracy (4)  [di'mɔkrәsi] n. 民主政治, 民主主义
participate (2)  [pɑ:'tisipeit] vi. 参与, 参加, 分享, 分担

[675]"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.

privilege (2) ['privilidʒ] n. 特权, 特别待遇, 基本公民权力, 特免 vt. 给与...特权, 特免
resent (3) [ri'zent] v. 愤恨, 怨恨

[676]From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.

beginning (1)  [bi'giniŋ] n. 开始
elitism (1)  [ei'li:tizm, i'li:tizm] n. 杰出人物统治论, 高人一等的优越感
populist (1)  n. （美国的）人民党党员
smell (1)  [smel] n. 气味, 臭味, 嗅觉 v. 嗅, 闻到, 散发(...的)气味, 有(...的)气味
urge (3)  [ә:dʒ] vt. 催促, 力劝 n. 强烈欲望, 迫切要求 v. 促进

[677]Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

native (2)  ['neitiv] n. 本地人, 土产, 土人 adj. 本国的, 出生地的, 本地的, 与生俱来的, 天赋的, 土产的, 土著的
noble (1)  ['nәubl] adj. 高尚的, 贵族的, 高贵的 n. 贵族
practicality (1)  [ˏprækti'kæliti] n. 实用性

[678]Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."

bellyful (1)  ['beliful] n. 满腹, 满肚子
recitation (3)  [resi'teiʃ(ә)n] n. 朗诵, 背诵, 叙述, 背诵的东西
restraint (1)  [ris'treint] n. 抑制, 制止, 克制
rigorous (1)  ['rigәrәs] adj. 严格的, 严厉的, 严酷的, 严峻的
schooling (1)  ['sku:liŋ] n. 学校教育, 学费
transcendentalist (1)  [ˏtrænsen'dentɚlist] adj. [哲]先验论者的, 超越论者的
unnatural (1)  [ʌn'nætʃәrәl] adj. 不自然的

[679]Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.

exemplify (1) [ig'zemplifai] vt. 例证, 例示, 作为...例子

[680]Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.

civilized (3)  ['sivilaizd] adj. 文明的, 有礼的
goodness (1)  ['gudnis] n. 仁慈, 善良
innate (1)  ['ineit] adj. 先天的, 天生的

[681]Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire.

reluctantly (1) adv. 不情愿地, 嫌恶地

[682]Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.

contemplative (1) ['kɔntempleitiv] adj. 沉思的, 冥想的, [宗]祈祷的

[683]Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.

criticize (1)  ['kritisaiz] v. 批评, 责备
grasp (1)  [grɑ:sp] vt. 抓住, 抓紧, 掌握, 领会 n. 抓住, 抓紧, 掌握, 领会
ponder (1)  ['pɔndә] v. 沉思, 考虑
theorize (1)  ['θiәraiz] v. 建立理论, 理论化

[684]School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.

mistrust (1) ['mis'trʌst] n. 不信任, 猜疑 v. 不信任, 猜疑

[685]Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."

eagerness (2)  ['i:gәnis] n. 热心
grip (5)  [grip] vt. 紧握, 紧夹 n. 掌握, 控制, 把手 v. 抓住
joyfully (2)  adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地
militantly (2)
proclaim (2)  [prә'kleim] vt. 宣布, 声明, 显示, 显露

[686]The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.

fascinate (3) ['fæsineit] vt. 使着迷, 使神魂颠倒 vi. 入迷, 极度迷人的
spymaster (3) ['spaiˏmɑ:stә(r); -ˏmæs-] n. 间谍组织的首脑

[687]Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession".

espionage (1)  ['espiәnidʒ] n. 间谍, 侦探
profession (5)  [prә'feʃәn] n. 职业, 专业, 表白, 宣布
spy (5)  [spai] n. 特工人员, 间谍, 侦探, 探员, 秘密侦察他人行动者 v. 侦察, 侦察, 发现
tool (10)  [tu:l] n. 工具, 用具, 爪牙, 走狗, 手段 vt. 用工具加工, 使用设备 vi. 使用工具

[688]These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.

mail (4)  [meil] n. 邮件, 邮政, 盔甲 vt. 邮寄, 给...穿盔甲
pastime (2)  ['pɑ:staim] n. 消遣, 娱乐
reshape (2)  ['ri:'ʃeip] vt. 改造, 再成形, 采用新方针
vocation (2)  [vәu'keiʃәn] n. 召唤, 号召, 天命, 天职, 特殊的适应性, 才能, 行业, 职业

[689]The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail.

revolution (3) [ˏrevә'lu:ʃәn] n. 革命, 旋转

[690]That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.

electronic (9) [ilek'trɔnik] adj. 电子的

[691]In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.

whole (4) [hәul] n. 全部, 全体, 整体, 完全之体系 adj. 所有的, 完整的, 完全的, 纯粹的, 未损伤的, 未打破的 adv. 完全, 整个

[692]The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential.

spook (1) [spu:k] n. 鬼, 幽灵 vt. 鬼怪般地出没于, 惊吓 vi. 逃窜

[693]In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.

compile (1) [kәm'pail] vt. 编译, 编辑, 汇编
contest (1) ['kɔntest] n. 论争, 竞赛 v. ,争论, 争辩, 竞赛, 争夺

[694]The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

margin (2)  ['mɑ:dʒin] n. 页边的空白, (湖、池等的)边缘, 极限, 利润, 差数, (时间、金额等的)富余 vt. 加边于, 加旁注于
mastery (2)  ['mɑ:stәri] n. 掌握
winner (2)  ['winә] n. 胜利者, 优胜者, 获胜的事物

[695]Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.

splash (1) [splæʃ] n. 溅, 飞溅, 斑点 v. 溅, 泼, 溅湿

[696]Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.

prediction (1) [pri'dikʃәn] n. 预言, 预报

[697]Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream.

mutually (1) ['mju:tʃuәli, -tjuәli] adv. 互相地, 互助
reinforce (3) [ˏri:in'fɔ:s] vt. 加强, 增援, 补充, 增加...的数量, 修补, 加固 vi. 求援, 得到增援 n. 加固物

[698]Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.

busy (4) ['bizi] adj. 忙碌的, 热闹的, 临时占用的
corner (1) ['kɔ:nә] n. 角落, (街道)拐角处, (遥远的)地区, 偏僻处, 困境, 绝路 vt. 迫至一隅, 垄断, 使陷入绝境, 把...难住 vi. 相交成角, 囤积(in)

[699]"As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor.

former (6) ['fɔ:mә] adj. 从前的, 以前的 n. 形成者, 创造者, 模型, 样板

[700]He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success.

outsider (2) [' aut'saidә] n. 无取胜希望者

[701]Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

briefs (2)  [bri:fs] n. 贴身的短内裤
declaration (2)  [ˏdeklә'reiʃәn] n. 宣布, 宣言, 声明
whereby (2)  [(h)wєә'bai] adv. 凭什么, 为何

[702]Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.

pride (5) [praid] n. 自豪, 自尊(心), 骄傲, 傲慢 vt. 使自豪, 使自夸

[703]③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

solution (2) [sә'lju:ʃәn] n. 解答, 解决办法, 溶解, 溶液解决方案

[704]To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."

misguided (2) ['mis'gaidid] adj. 被误导的
paraphrase (1) ['pærәfreiz] v. 解释 n. 解释

[705]One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.

biomedical (2) [ˏbaiәu'medikәl] 生物(学和)医学的
rights (9)

[706]Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.

advance (5)  [әd'vɑ:ns] n. 前进, 提升, 预付款 v. 前进, 提前, 预付 adj. 前面的, 预先的预付(款项)
confuse (3)  [kәn'fju:z] vt. 搞乱, 使糊涂
forcefully (2)  adv. 强有力地, 激烈地
respond (7)  [ris'pɔnd] v. 回答, 响应, 作出反应 vi. 有反应
thereby (4)  ['eєә'bai] adv. 因此, 从而, 在那方面, 在那附近
threatening (2)  ['θretәniŋ] adj. 胁迫的, 危险的

[707]Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.

cruelty (1)  ['kru:әlti] n. 残忍, 残酷
harm (2)  [hɑ:m] vt. 伤害, 损害 n. 伤害, 损害
hearing (1)  ['hiәriŋ] n. 听力, 听觉, 听取意见, 听讼 v. 倾听
perplexed (1)  [pә'plekst] adj. 困惑的, 不知所措的
setting (1)  ['setiŋ] n. 安置, 安装, (太阳)落山, (固定东西的)框架, 底座

[708]For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines.

booth (2)  [bu:θ] n. 货摊, 售货亭, 棚
brochure (2)  [brәu'ʃjuә] n. 小册子
distribute (2)  [dis'tribju(:)t] vt. 分发, 分配, 散布, 分布, 分类, 分区 v. 分发
fur (2)  [fә:] n. 毛皮, 毛, 软毛
grandmotherly (2)  ['grændˏmʌeәli] adj. (似)祖母的, 慈祥的
medicine (12)  ['medsin, -disin] n. 药, 医学, 内科学, 内服药 vt. 给...用药
staffing (4)  ['stɑ:fiŋ] 安置职工

[709]Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.

immunization (1) [ˏimju:nai'zeiʃәn] n. 使免除, 使免疫
vaccine (3) ['væksi:n] adj. 疫苗的, 牛痘的 n. 疫苗

[710]When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes."

assure (1) [ә'ʃuә] vt. 断然地说, 确告, 保证, 担保
yes (1) [jes] adv. n.是

[711]Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology.

biology (3)  [bai'ɔlәdʒi] n. 生物学, 生物(总称)
communicate (3)  [kә'mju:nikeit] v. 沟通, 通信, (房间、道路、花园等)相通, 传达, 感染
compassionate (1)  [kәm'pæʃәnit] adj. 富于同情心的
molecular (2)  [mәu'lekjulә] adj. [化]分子的, 由分子组成的
understandable (1)  [ʌndә'stændәb(ә)l] adj. 可以理解的, 可懂的

[712]We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots.

connection (1)  [kә'nekʃәn] n. 连接, 关系, 接线, 线路, 亲戚
grandmother (1)  ['grændˏmʌeә] n. 祖母
hip (3)  [hip] n. 臀, 蔷薇果, 忧郁 adj. 熟悉内情的 vt. 使忧郁, 给（屋顶）造屋脊 int. 喝彩声
operation (4)  [ˏɔpә'reiʃәn] n. 运转, 操作, 实施, 作用, 业务, 工作, 手术, 军事行动
pet (1)  [pet] n. 宠物, 受宠爱的人, 不悦 adj. 宠爱的, 亲昵的 vt. 宠爱 vi. 拥抱, 爱抚, 生气, 发脾气
replacement (1)  [ri'pleismәnt] n. 归还, 复位, 交换, 代替者, 补充兵员, 置换, 移位
shot (5)  [ʃɔt] n. 开枪, 射击, 子弹, 炮弹
vaccination (1)  [ˏvæksi'neiʃәn] n. [医]接种疫苗, 种痘, 牛痘疤

[713]To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

cruel (3)  ['kruәl] adj. 残酷的, 悲惨的, 使痛苦的
treatment (8)  ['tri:tmәnt] n. 待遇, 对待, 处理, 治疗
wasteful (2)  ['weistful] adj. 浪费的, 不经济的

[714]They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.

acquire (3)  [ә'kwaiә] vt. 获得, 学到
appearance (3)  [ә'piәrәns] n. 出现, 露面, 外貌, 外观
deceptive (1)  [di'septiv] adj. 欺骗性的
lest (3)  [lest] conj. 唯恐, 以免, 免得, (用于fear, be afraid之后, 等于that)
misinformation (1)  ['misinfә'meiʃәn] n. 误报, 误传
unchallenged (1)  ['ʌn'tʃælindʒd] adj. 未受到挑战的, 未引起争论的, 不成问题的

[715]Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.

humane (1) [hju:'mein] adj. 仁慈的
tour (1) [tuә] n. 旅行, 游历, 旅游 v. 旅行, 游历, 巡回, 漫游

[716]Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

actively (2)  ['æktivli] adv. 活跃地, 积极地
courageous (2)  [kә'reidʒәs] adj. 勇敢的, 有胆量的
medical (16)  ['medikәl] n. 医生, 体格检查 adj. 医学的, 内科的, <古>(医)药的
personality (7)  [ˏpә:sә'næliti] n. 个性, 人格, 人物, 名人, (用复数)诽谤、人身攻击
ultimate (4)  ['ʌltimit] adj. 最后的, 最终的, 根本的 n. 最终

[717]If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

citizenry (3)  ['sitiz(ә)nri] n. 公民成市民(集合称)
ember (1)  ['embә] n. 灰烬, 余烬
extinguish (1)  [iks'tiŋgwiʃ] vt. 熄灭, 消灭, 压制, 使黯然失色, 偿清
precious (1)  ['preʃәs] adj. 宝贵的, 贵重的, 珍爱的, 过于精致的, 珍爱的
uninformed (1)  ['ʌnin'fɔ:md] adj. 未被通知的, 未获情报,无生气的

[718]In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.

combine (3)  [kәm'bain] v. (使)联合, (使)结合 n. 联合企业, 联合收割机 n. 联合收割机
heighten (1)  ['haitn] v. 提高, 升高
merge (1)  [mә:dʒ] v. 合并, 并入, 结合, 吞没, 融合
monopoly (2)  [mә'nɔpәli] n. 垄断, 垄断者, 专利权, 专利事业
super (1)  ['sju:pә] n. 不重要的角色, 冗员 vt. 用冷纱布贴(书背) vi. 充当跑龙套的角色 adj. 上等的, 特大的, 特级的, 十分的, 过分的, 极好的 adv. 非常

[719]As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.

rail (4) [reil] n. 横杆, 围栏, 扶手, 铁轨 vt. 以横木围栏, 铺铁轨 vi. 责骂, 抱怨
total (1) ['tәutl] n. 总数, 合计 adj. 总的, 全部的, 整个的 v. 合计, 总数达, 达到

[720]Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

freight (1) [freit] n. 货物, 船货, 运费, 货运 vt. 装货, 使充满, 运送
merger (6) ['mә:dʒә] n. 合并, 归并

[721]Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.

coordinate (1) [kәu'ɔ:dinit] n. 同等者, 同等物, 坐标(用复数) adj. 同等的, 并列的 vt. 调整, 整理
reduction (3) [ri'dʌkʃәn] n. 减少, 缩影, 变形, 缩减量, 约简

[722]Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.

competition (18)  [kɔmpi'tiʃәn] n. 竞争, 竞赛
fierce (1)  [fiәs] adj. 凶猛的, 猛烈的, 热烈的, 暴躁的<美>极讨厌的, 难受的, <英方>精力旺盛的
truck (3)  [trʌk] n. 卡车, 敞棚货车, (车站)搬行李用的手推车, 交易, 交换, 废话, 废物, 实物工资 vt. 交易, 交往, 以卡车运输 vi. 驾驶卡车, 以物易物 adj. <主美>运货汽车的

[723]But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

bulk (2)  [bʌlk] n. 大小, 体积, 大批, 大多数, 散装 vt. 显得大, 显得重要
coal (2)  [kәul] n. 煤 v. 加煤
complain (3)  [kәm'plein] v. 抱怨, 悲叹, 控诉
costly (3)  ['kɔstli] adj. 昂贵的, 贵重的
distance (2)  ['distәns] n. 距离, 远离, 一长段时间, 远方, 远景, 遥远, (时间的)间隔, (时日的)经过
grain (2)  [grein] n. 谷物, 谷类, 谷粒, 细粒, 颗粒, 粮食
shipper (12)  ['ʃipә] n. 托运人, 发货人
throat (2)  [θrәut] n. 咽喉, 喉咙, 嗓音, 窄路, 口子 vt. 用喉音说, 开沟于
trucking (2)  ['trʌkiŋ] n. 货车运输, 货车运输业

[724]The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.

consolidation (1) [kәnˏsɔli'deiʃәn] n. 巩固, 合并

[725]Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.

captive (4) ['kæptiv] n. 俘虏, 被美色或爱情迷住的人 adj. 被俘的, 被迷住的
charge (3) [tʃɑ:dʒ] n. 负荷, 电荷, 费用, 主管, 掌管, 充电, 充气, 装料 v. 装满, 控诉, 责令, 告诫, 指示, 加罪于, 冲锋, 收费

[726]Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

consuming (2)  [kәn'sju:miŋ] adj. 强烈的
extreme (2)  [iks'tri:m] adj. 尽头的, 极端的, 极度的, 偏激的, 最后的 n. 极端, 极端的事物
overcharge (2)  [әuvә'tʃɑ:dʒ] v. 讨价过高, 使过量装填过度充电 n. 超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电
relief (5)  [ri'li:f] n. (痛苦等的)减轻, (债务等的)免除, 救济, 调剂, 安慰, 浮雕, 地貌

[727]Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.

grounds (3)
justify (2) ['dʒʌstifai] v. 证明...是正当的

[728]If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

transportation (4) [ˏtrænspɔ:'teiʃәn] n. 运输, 运送

[729]It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

flourish (2) ['flʌriʃ] vi. 繁荣, 茂盛, 活跃, 手舞足蹈, 兴旺, 处于旺盛时期 vt. 挥动, 夸耀 n. 茂盛, 兴旺, 华饰, 繁荣

[730]"Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?"

arbiter (1) ['ɑ:bitә] n. 仲裁者, 判优器
marketplace (3) ['mɑ:kit'pleis] n. 集会场所, 市场商场

[731]Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.

hit (2) [hit] n. 打击, 打, 碰撞, 讽刺, (演出等)成功 vt. 打, 打击, 碰撞, 击中, 袭击, 偶然发现, 伤...的感情, 找到 vi. 打, 打中, 打击, 碰撞, 偶然碰上
huge (3) [hju:dʒ] adj. 巨大的, 极大的, 无限的

[732]The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.

brighten (1)  ['braitn] v. (使)变亮, (使)愉快
invest (2)  [in'vest] v. 投(资), 购买(有用之物)～, 授予, 投资
surge (1)  [sә:dʒ] n. 巨涌, 汹涌, 澎湃 vi. 汹涌, 澎湃, 振荡, 滑脱, 放松 vt. 使汹涌奔腾, 急放

[733]Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.

borrow (1) ['bɔrәu] v. 借, 借入, 借用

[734]Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.

bid (4) [bid] vt. 出价, 投标, 祝愿, 命令, 吩咐 n. 出价, 投标 v. 支付

[735]Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.

operating (1) ['ɔpәreitiŋ] 运行的操作的工作的
railway (2) ['reilwei] n. [英] 铁道, 铁路

[736]It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

optional (1) ['ɔpʃәnәl] adj. 可选择的, 随意的

[737]Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.

double (4) ['dʌbl] n. 两倍, [计] 双精度型 adj. 两倍的, 双重的 vt. 使加倍 vi. 加倍, 快步走, 加倍努力
expectancy (1) [ik'spektәnsi] n. 期待, 期望

[738]Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

cataract (2)  ['kætәrækt] n. 大瀑布, 奔流, 白内障
clinical (2)  ['klinikәl] adj. 临床的, 病房用的
replace (3)  [ri(:)'pleis] vt. 取代, 替换, 代替, 把...放回原处
surgical (2)  ['sә:dʒikәl] adj. 外科的, 外科医生的, 手术上的 n. 外科病房, 外科手术

[739]Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.

unimaginable (1) [ˏʌni'mædʒinәbl] adj. ,想不到的, 不可思议的

[740]But not even a great health-care system can cure death — and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

failure (3)  ['feiljә] n. 失败, 失败者, 缺乏, 失灵, 故障, 破产, 疏忽, <美>不及格
greatness (1)  ['greitnis] n. 巨大, 伟大
ours (3)  ['auәz] pron. 我们的

[741]Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.

disintegrate (1)  [dis'intigreit] vt. (使)分解, (使)碎裂
normal (7)  ['nɔ:mәl] n. 正规, 常态, [数学]法线 adj. 正常的, 正规的, 标准的
perish (1)  ['periʃ] vi. 毁灭, 死亡, 腐烂, 枯萎 vt. 毁坏, 使麻木

[742]We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.

treat (4) [tri:t] n. 宴请, 款待, 请客 vt. 视为, 对待, 论述, 治疗, 款待 vi. 交涉, 谈判, 协商, 款待, 作东

[743]Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.

payer (2)  ['peiә(r)] n. 支付者, 付款人
shield (4)  [ʃi:ld] n. 防护物, 护罩, 盾, 盾状物 vt. (from) 保护, 防护 v. 遮蔽
useless (2)  ['ju:slis] adj. 无用的, 无效的, 无益的, 无价值的

[744]The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.

cancer (14) ['kænsә] n. 癌, 毒瘤

[745]Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

aggressive (5)  [ә'gresiv] adj. 好斗的, 敢作敢为的, 有闯劲的, 侵略性的
disease (4)  [di'zi:z] n. 疾病, 弊病
frustrated (2)  [frʌ'streitid,'frʌ-] adj. 失败的, 落空的
inability (2)  [inә'biliti] n. 无能, 无力
scientifically (2)  adv. 按科学的方法

[746]Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.

unsustainable (1) [ˏʌnsәs'teinәbl] 不能证实的不能成立的, 不能支持的

[747]Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.

reverse (1) [ri'vә:s] n. 相反, 背面, 反面, 倒退 adj. 相反的, 倒转的, 颠倒的 vt. 颠倒, 倒转

[748]Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so.

finite (3)  ['fainait] adj. 有限的, [数]有穷的, 限定的
resource (7)  [ri'sɔ:s] n. 资源, 财力, 办法, 智谋
sustain (1)  [sәs'tein] vt. 支撑, 撑住, 维持, 持续

[749]Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

duty (4)  ['dju:ti] n. 义务, 责任, 职责, 职务, 税
infirm (1)  [in'fә:m] adj. 弱的, 不坚固的, 柔弱的
quote (3)  [kwәut] vt. 引用, 引证, 提供, 提出, 报(价)

[750]Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.

dazzlingly (1)  adv. 灿烂地, 耀眼地
energetic (3)  [ˏenә'dʒetik] adj. 精力充沛的, 积极的
routinely (1)  adv. 例行公事地

[751]At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.

jokingly (1) adv. 开玩笑地, 打趣地

[752]Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.

surgeon (1) ['sә:dʒәn] n. 外科医生

[753]These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.

naturally (3)  ['nætʃәrәli] adv. 自然地
prevention (1)  [pri'venʃәn] n. 预防, 防止
proof (3)  [pru:f] n. 证据, 试验, 考验, [印刷]校样 adj. 不能透入的, 证明用的, 防...的, 有耐力的 vt. 检验, 校对, 使不被穿透

[754]As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

productively (1) adv. 有结果地, 有成果地

[755]As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.

ineffective (1)  [ˏini'fektiv] adj. 无效的, (指人)工作效率低的
painful (5)  ['peinful] adj. 疼痛的, 使痛苦的
physician (7)  [fi'ziʃәn] n. 医师, 内科医师

[756]As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

humbler (1)  humble指“对自己或自己的地位、成就等表现得谦卑的”, 但现在主要指“自感低卑的”
quest (2)  [kwest] n. 寻求
therapy (2)  ['θerәpi] n. 治疗
unlikely (5)  [ʌn'laikli] adj. 未必的, 不太可能的, 靠不住的

[757]If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.

humor (6) ['hju:mә] n. 幽默, 心情, 诙谐 vt. 迎合, 牵就, 顺应

[758]Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.

sympathy (4) ['simpәθi] n. 同情, 同情心

[759]Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.

address (4) [ә'dres] n. 地址, 致辞, 演讲, 说话的技巧 vt. 向...致辞, 演说, 写姓名地址, 从事, 忙于

[760]If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.

alternatively (1)  [ɔ:l'tә:nәtivli] adv. 做为选择, 二者择一地
disorganized (2)  [dis'ɔ:gәnaizd] adj. 紊乱的, 无组织的
secretary (4)  ['sekrәtri] n. 秘书, 书记, 部长, 大臣

[761]Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.

convention (4)  [kәn'venʃәn] n. 大会, 协定, 习俗, 惯例
doctor (13)  ['dɔktә] n. 医生, 博士, [古]学者, <俚>修理师 vt. 授以博士学位, 诊断, 修改, <美>治疗, 搀混(食物、饮料), 修改 vi. 行医
nurse (1)  [nә:s] n. 护士, 保姆 vt. 护理, 看护 v. 照料

[762]A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter.

heaven (3) ['hevәn] n. 天, 天空, 天堂

[763]He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.

accommodation (1)  [әˏkɔmә'deiʃәn] n. 住处, 膳宿, (车, 船, 飞机等的)预定铺位, (眼睛等的)适应性调节, (社会集团间的)迁就融合
garden (1)  ['gɑ:dn] n. (菜、花)园, 花园
sunny (1)  ['sʌni] adj. 阳光充足的, 照耀的, 快乐的
wonderful (1)  ['wʌndәful] adj. 令人惊奇的, 奇妙的, 极好的, 令人愉快的

[764]Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.

arrival (4)  [ә'raivәl] n. 到来, 到达, 到达者
aside (1)  [ә'said] adv. 在旁边, 到旁边
coat (1)  [kәut] n. 外套, (动物的)皮毛, (植物的)表皮, (漆等的)层, 涂层 vt. 涂上, 包上
friendly (4)  ['frendli] adj. 友好的, 友谊的
grab (1)  [græb] v. 抢夺, 攫取, 夺取
lunch (1)  [lʌntʃ] n. 午餐
peaceful (1)  ['pi:sful] adj. 和平的, 平静的, 安宁的, 爱好和平的
polite (1)  [pә'lait] adj. 有礼貌的, 客气的, 有教养的, 文雅的
stomp (1)  [stɔmp] n. 跺脚 vt. 跺, 践踏, 重踏 vi. 跺脚, 践踏, 重踏
white (1)  [(h)wait] n. 白色, 蛋白, 白种人 adj. 白(色)的, 白种人的

[765]"Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."

oh (1) [әu] int. [表示惊讶、害怕等] 哦, 哎哟

[766]If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.

appropriate (6)  [ә'prәupriit] adj. 适当的
canteen (3)  [kæn'ti:n] n. 小卖部, 食具箱, 饭盒, (军用)水壶
inedible (2)  [in'edibl] adj. 不适于食用的, 不能吃的
notorious (2)  [nәu'tɔ:riәs] adj. 声名狼籍的
remark (9)  [ri'mɑ:k] n. 备注, 评论, 注意, 注释 vt. 评论, 注意, 谈及 vi. 谈论

[767]With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.

disparage (1) [dis'pæridʒ] vt. 蔑视, 贬损, 使失去信誉

[768]You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

ground (2)  [graund] n. 地面, 土地, 战场, 场所, 范围 adj. 土地的, 地面上的 vt. 把...放在地上, 使搁浅, 打基础 vi. 具有基础, 着陆, 搁浅 vbl. grind的过去式
scapegoat (1)  ['skeipgәut] n. 替罪羊
telephone (2)  ['telifәun] n. 电话, 电话机 v. 打电话

[769]If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.

humorous (1) ['hju:mәrәs] adj. 富幽默感的, 滑稽的, 诙谐的, 想入非非的, 异想天开的

[770]Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.

deliver (3)  [di'livә] vt. 递送, 陈述, 释放, 发表(一篇演说等), 交付, 引渡, 瞄准, 给予(打击)
manner (6)  ['mænә] n. 礼貌, 风格, 方式, 样式, 习惯
unforced (2)  ['ʌn'fɔ:st] adj. 非被强迫的, 自然的, 不勉强的, 不费力的

[771]Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

delivery (4)  [di'livәri] n. 递送, 交付, 分娩, 交货, 引渡 n. [律] 财产等的正式移交发送,传输
eyebrow (4)  ['aibrau] n. 眉毛
slowly (4)  ['slәuli] adv. 慢慢地, 迟缓地
unbelieving (2)  ['ʌnbi'li:viŋ] adj. 不相信的, 多疑的, 不信宗教的

[772]A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation.

twist (1) [twist] n. 一扭, 扭曲, 盘旋, 曲折, 歪曲, 手法, 螺旋状 vt. 拧, 扭曲, 绞, 搓, 捻, 使苦恼, 使转动, 编织 vi. 扭弯, 扭曲, 缠绕, 扭动, 呈螺旋形

[773]Search for exaggeration and understatements.

exaggeration (1) [igˏzædʒә'reiʃәn] n. 夸张, 夸大之词
understatement (1) [ʌndә'steitmәnt] n. 保守的陈述, 掩饰

[774]Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

inject (2) [in'dʒekt] vt. 注射, 注入

[775]Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.

burdensome (2)  ['bә:dnsәm] adj. 繁重的, 烦累的, 难以承担的
cunning (2)  ['kʌniŋ] adj. 狡猾的, 巧妙的, <美>漂亮的, 可爱的 n. 狡猾, 诡诈
dawn (2)  [dɔ:n] n. 黎明, 拂晓, 破晓 vi. 破晓, 开始现生, 变得(为人所)明白 v. 破晓
devise (2)  [di'vaiz] vt. 设计, 发明, 图谋, 作出(计划), 想出(办法), 遗赠给 n. 遗赠
ingenuity (2)  [ˏindʒi'nju:iti] n. 机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性
plain (2)  [plein] n. 平原, 草原 adj. 简单的, 明白的, 平常的, 清晰的, 普通的, 朴素的 adv. 清楚地 n. [计] 无格式

[776]That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.

capability (5)  [ˏkeipә'biliti] n. (实际)能力, 性能, 容量, 接受力
compulsion (1)  [kәm'pʌlʃ(ә)n] n. 强迫, 强制, [心]强迫性冲动
robotic (2)
various (6)  ['vєәriәs] adj. 不同的, 各种各样的, 多方面的, 多样的

[777]And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

fiction (1) ['fikʃәn] n. 虚构, 编造, 小说
mechanical (4) [mi'kænikl] adj. 机械的, 机械制的, 机械似的, 呆板的

[778]As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

barely (4)  ['bєәli] adv. 仅仅, 刚刚, 几乎不能
existence (4)  [ig'zistәns] n. 存在, 实在, 生活, 存在物, 实在物
gizmo (2)  n. 小发明
universal (3)  [ˏju:ni'vә:sәl] adj. 普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的

[779]Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.

assembly (1)  [ә'sembli] n. 集合, 装配, 集会, 集结, 汇编
hum (1)  [hʌm] v. 嗡嗡叫, 哼 n. 嗡嗡声, 吵杂声
rhythm (1)  ['rieәm, 'riθәm] n. 节奏, 韵律
robot (8)  ['rәubɔt, 'rɔbәt] n. 机器人, 遥控设备, 自动机械, 机械般工作的人

[780]Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction.

automated (1)  自动化的
politeness (1)  n. 有礼, 优雅
teller (1)  ['telә] n. 讲话的人, 告诉的人, (银行)出纳员, (投票的)检票员
terminal (1)  ['tә:minl] n. 终点站, 终端, 接线端 adj. 末期, 每期的, 每学期的
thank (1)  [θæŋk] vt. 感谢, 用于表示强制的要求, 用将来时

[781]Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.

subway (1) ['sʌbwei] n. 地道, <美> 地铁
tireless (1) ['taiәlis] adj. 不疲劳的

[782]And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

accuracy (2)  ['ækjurәsi] n. 精确性, 正确度
bone (2)  [bәun] n. 骨 v. 剔除
continual (2)  [kәn'tinjuәl] adj. 连续的, 频繁的, 持续不断的
electronics (2)  [ilek'trɔniks] n. 电子学
miniaturization (1)  n. 小型化
thanks (2)

[783]But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge.

stage (6)  [steidʒ] n. 舞台, 戏剧, 活动场所, 发展的进程, 阶段或时期, 驿站 vt. 上演, 筹备, 举行
supervision (2)  [ˏsju:pә'viʒәn] n. 监督, 管理
utility (4)  [ju:'tiliti] n. 效用, 有用

[784]"While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."

dynamic (1)  [dai'næmik] adj. 动力的, 动力学的, 动态的
handle (3)  ['hændl] n. 柄, 把手, 把柄, 口实, 手感 vt. 触摸, 运用, 买卖, 处理, 操作 vi. 搬运, 易于操纵 n. [计]句柄
reliably (1)  adv. 可靠性

[785]Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.

artificial (3) [ˏɑ:ti'fiʃәl] adj. 人造的, 假的, 非原产地的
true (9) [tru:] adj. 真实的, 真正的, 忠实的, 忠诚的, 正确的

[786]Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

copy (1)  ['kɔpi] n. 副本, 拷贝, 摹仿, 一册 v. 复印, 复制, 拷贝, 抄袭
forecast (1)  ['fɔ:kɑ:st] n. 先见, 预见, 预测, 预报 vt. 预想, 预测, 预报, 预兆
lately (1)  ['leitli] adv. 近来, 最近
microprocessor (1)  [maikrәu'prәusesә(r)] n. [计]微处理器
optimism (2)  ['ɔptimizәm] n. 乐观, 乐观主义
transistor (1)  [træn'zistә] n. [电子]晶体管

[787]What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined.

nerve (3)  [nә:v] n. 神经, 胆量, 勇气, 叶脉 vt. 鼓起勇气
perception (3)  [pә'sepʃәn] n. 理解感知,感觉 DPS公司出的数字影像压缩卡
previously (1)  ['pri:vju:sli] adv. 先前, 以前
roughly (2)  ['rʌfli] adv. 概略地, 粗糙地
talented (1)  ['tælәntid] adj. 有才能的

[788]They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.

controlled (1)  [kәn'trәuld] adj. 受约束的, 克制的
fraction (1)  ['frækʃәn] n. 小部分, 片断, 分数
millimeter (1)  ['milimi:tә(r)] n. 毫米

[789]But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

crowd (3)  [kraud] n. 人群, 群众, 一堆(东西), 一伙 v. 群集, 拥挤, 挤满
disregard (2)  [ˏdisri'gɑ:d] v. 不理漠视 n. 漠视, 忽视
forest (2)  ['fɔrist] n. 森林, 林木, <英>御猎场 adj. 森林的, 住在森林中的 vt. 植树于
glimpse (2)  [glimps] n. 一瞥, 一看 v. 瞥见
immediately (3)  [i'mi:djәtli] adv. 立即, 马上, 直接地
instantaneously (2)
rapidly (7)  ['ræpidli] adv. 迅速地
suspicious (2)  [sәs'piʃәs] adj. (～ of) 可疑的, 怀疑的
wind (2)  [waind] n. 风 v. 绕, 缠, 上发条, 旋紧

[790]Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.

barrel (3)  ['bærәl] n. 桶 vt. 装入桶内
crude (5)  [kru:d] adj. 天然的, 未加工的, 粗糙的, 拙劣的, 粗鲁的 n. 天然的物质
oil (19)  [ɔil] n. 油, 石油, 油类 vt. 给(机器等)加油, 上油, 涂油

[791]This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.

quadruple (1)  ['kwɔdrupl] adj. 四倍的, 四重的, [乐]每小节四拍的 n. 四倍 vt. 使成四倍 vi. 成为四倍
scary (1)  ['skєәri] adj. 引起惊慌的
triple (1)  ['tripl] n. 三倍数, 三个一组 adj. 三倍的 vt. 三倍与 vi. 增至三倍

[792]Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.

inflation (15) [in'fleiʃәn] n. 胀大, 夸张, 通货膨胀, (物价)暴涨
previous (2) ['pri:vjәs] adj. 在前的, 早先的 adv. 在...以前返回上一级菜单

[793]So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?

doom (1)  [du:m] n. 厄运, 毁灭, 死亡, 世末日 v. 注定, 判决著名的3D动作游戏
gloom (1)  [glu:m] n. 阴暗, 阴沉 v. (使)变阴暗, 优伤地说, 繁荣
warning (8)  ['wɔ:niŋ] n. 警告, 预告, 通知, 预兆

[794]The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.

export (3) ['ekspɔ:t] vt. 输出 n. 出口货, 输出, 出口, 出口商品 v. 出口

[795]Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.

hemisphere (2)  ['hemisfiә] n. 半球
northern (3)  ['nɔ:eәn] adj. 北方的, 北部的
strengthen (2)  ['streŋθәn] v. 加强, 巩固

[796]In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.

petrol (1) ['petrәl] n. <英>汽油（=<美>gasoline）

[797]In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.

muted (2)
pump (2)  [pʌmp] n. 泵, 抽水机 vt. (用泵)抽(水), 抽吸
retail (2)  ['ri:teil] n. 零售 adj. 零售的 vt. 零售, 转述 vi. 零售 adv. 以零售方式
tax (2)  [tæks] n. 税, 税款, 税金 vt. 对...征税, 使负重担, 指控, 责备

[798]Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.

fuel (4) [fjuәl] n. 燃料 vt. 加燃料, 供以燃料 vi. 得到燃料

[799]Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.

consultancy (1)  n. -cies 顾问（工作）
mobile (1)  ['mәubail] adj. 可移动的, 易变的, 机动的 n. 运动物体
steel (1)  [sti:l] n. 钢, 钢铁

[800]For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.

constant (3) ['kɔnstәnt] n. [数、物]常数, 恒量 adj. 不变的, 持续的, 坚决的

[801]The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25~0.5% of GDP.

import (3) [im'pɔ:t] n. 进口货(常用复数), 进口, 输入, 意思, 重要性 vt. 输入, 进口, 含...的意思, 重要, 引入 vi. 有关系, 有重要性
outlook (5) ['autluk] n. 景色, 风光, 观点, 见解, 展望, 前景

[802]On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.

squeeze (1) [skwi:z] n. 压榨, 挤 v. 压榨, 挤, 挤榨

[803]One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

excess (4) [ik'ses, 'ekses] n. 过度, 剩于, 无节制, 超过, 超额 adj. 过度的, 额外的

[804]A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.

portion (1) ['pɔ:ʃәn] n. 一部分, 一分
sizable (1) ['saizәbl] adj. 相当大的, 大小相当的

[805]The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.

broadly (4) adv. 宽广地, 露骨地, 广泛
unchanging (1) [ʌn'tʃeindʒiŋ] adj. 不变的

[806]The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

relieve (2)  [ri'li:v] vt. 减轻, 解除, 援救, 救济, 换班
suffering (7)  ['sʌfәriŋ] n. 苦楚, 受难 adj. 受苦的, 患病的
suicide (9)  ['sjuisaid] n. 自杀, 自毁, 给自己带来伤害或损失的行为

[807]Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

constitutional (2)  [ˏkɔnsti'tju:ʃәnәl] adj. 构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的
harmful (4)  ['hɑ:mful] adj. 有害的, 伤害的
permissible (2)  [pә(:)'misәbl] adj. 可允许的

[808]Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

dosage (1)  ['dәusidʒ] n. 剂量, 配药, 用量
eventually (1)  [i'ventjuәli] adv. 最后, 终于
ill (8)  [il] adj. 有病的, 坏的, 恶意的, 生病
morphine (1)  ['mɔ:fi:n] n. 吗啡
terminally (4)  adv. 末尾, 一定时期地

[809]Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."

hasten (3) ['heisn] v. 催促, 赶紧, 促进, 加速
mediation (2) [ˏmi:di'eiʃәn] n. 仲裁, 调停, 调解

[810]George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.

legitimate (1) [l i'dʒitimit] adj. 合法的, 合理的, 正统的 v. 合法
prescribe (1) [pris'kraib] v. 指示, 规定, 处(方), 开(药)

[811]"We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.

homicide (1) ['hɔmisaid] n. 杀人, 杀人者

[812]On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

agony (2) ['ægәni] n. 苦恼, 极大的痛苦
prolong (4) [prә'lɔŋ] vt. 延长, 拖延

[813]Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.

improving (1) [im'pru:viŋ] 改进, 改善(质量) 精炼
release (2) [ri'li:s] n. 释放, 让渡, 豁免, 发行的书, 释放证书 vt. 释放, 解放, 放弃, 让与, 免除, 发表 n. 版本, 发布

[814]It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

dishonor (2)  [dis'ɔnә] n. 不名誉 vt. 玷辱, 使蒙羞 n. [商] 拒付, 不兑现
forced (2)  [fɔ:st] adj. 被迫的, 强迫的, 动用武力的
ineffectual (2)  [ˏini'fektjuәl] adj. 无效的, 不成功的
twin (2)  [twin] n. 双胞胎中一人, 孪生子 adj. 双胞胎的, 一对的, 相似的 vi. 生双胞胎, 成对 vt. 孪生, 使成对

[815]The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

billing (1)  ['biliŋ] n. (节目单或戏院大门上的)演员表, (演员表上的)演员次序
code (1)  [kәud] n. 代码, 代号, 密码, 编码 v. 编码
hospice (1)  ['hɔspis] n. 旅客住宿处, 收容所, 济贫院

[816]Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.

translate (4) [træns'leit] vt. 翻译, 解释, 转化, 转变为, 调动 vi. 翻译, 能被译出

[817]"Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse."

abuse (5)  [ә'bju:z] n. 滥用, 虐待, 辱骂, 陋习, 弊端 v. 滥用, 虐待, 辱骂
constitute (3)  ['kɔnstitju:t] vt. 制定(法律), 建立(ZF), 组成, 任命
needlessly (1)  adv. 不必要地, 无用地
predictably (1)
systematic (1)  [ˏsisti'mætik] adj. 系统的, 体系的
unconcerned (1)  ['ʌnkәn'sә:nd] adj. 不关心的, 无忧虑的, 不相关的

[818]He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

incompetently (1)  adv. 无能力地
licensing (1)
suspension (1)  [sәs'penʃәn] n. 吊, 悬浮, 悬浮液, 暂停, 中止, 悬而未决, 延迟

[819]Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.

accumulation (1) [әkju:mju'leiʃ(ә)n] n. 积聚, 堆积物
specialisation (4) [ˏspeʃәlai'zeiʃәn] n. <主英> =specialization

[820]By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.

splitting (1) ['splitiŋ] adj. 爆裂似的, 极快的
unit (1) ['ju:nit] n. 个体, (计量)单位, (军队的)部队单位, [数学]最小的整数

[821]But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.

related (5) [ri'leitid] adj. 叙述的, 讲述的, 有关系的

[822]Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

professionalisation (2)

[823]No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.

distinction (7) [dis'tiŋkʃәn] n. 区别, 差别, 级别, 特性, 声望, 显赫

[824]Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

connotation (2) [ˏkɔnәu'teiʃәn] n. 含蓄, 储蓄的东西(词、语等), 内涵
integrate (2) ['intigreit] vt. 使成整体, 使一体化, 求...的积分 v. 结合

[825]The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.

consequent (1)  ['kɔnsikwәnt] adj. 作为结果的, 随之发生的
nineteenth (8)  ['nain'ti:nθ] num. 第十九, 十九分之一
participation (1)  [pɑ:ˏtisi'peiʃәn] n. 分享, 参与
requirement (7)  [ri'kwaiәmәnt] n. 需求, 要求, 必要条件, 需要的东西, 要求必备的条件

[826]The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

geology (4) [dʒi'ɔlәdʒi] n. 地质学, 地质概况
mathematical (2) [ˏmæθi'mætikәl] adj. 数学的, 精确的

[827]A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

comparison (2)  [kәm'pærisn] n. 比较, 对照, 比喻, 比较关系
definition (3)  [ˏdefi'niʃәn] n. 定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度
geological (10)  [dʒiә'lɔdʒikәl] adj. 地质学的, 地质的
primacy (3)  ['praimәsi] n. 首位

[828]Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.

incorporate (1) [in'kɔ:pәreit] adj. 合并的, 结社的, 一体化的 vt. 合并, 使组成公司, 具体表现 vi. 合并, 混合, 组成公司 vt. [律]结社, 使成为法人组织
twentieth (4) ['twentiiθ] adj. 第二十的, 二十分之一的 n. 第二十(个), 二十分之一, (月)的第二十日

[829]The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

entrance (2)  [in'trɑ:ns] n. 入口, 门口, 进入
introduction (3)  [ˏintrә'dʌkʃәn] n. 介绍, 传入, 初步, 导言, 绪论, 入门
refereeing (2)

[830]As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

logical (3)  ['lɔdʒikәl] adj. 合乎逻辑的, 合理的
mainly (2)  ['meinli] adv. 大体上, 主要地
readership (1)  ['ri:dәʃip] n. 读者的身分, 读者人数
towards (3)  [tә'wɔ:dz] prep. 向, 朝, 对面, 接近, 对, 有助于

[831]A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

differentiation (2)  [ˏdifәˏrenʃi'eiʃәn] n. 区别
geologist (3)  [dʒi'ɔlәdʒist] n. 地质学者
nationally (4)  ['næʃәnәli] adv. 全国性, 举国一致

[832]In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

reckon (1) ['rekәn] vt. 计算, 总计, 估计, 猜想 vi. 数, 计算, 估计, 依赖, 料想

[833]A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor.

digital (5)  ['didʒitl] adj. 数字的, 数位的, 手指的 n. 数字, 数字式
division (2)  [di'viʒәn] n. 分开, 分割, 区分, 除法, 公司, (军事)师, 分配, 分界线
info (4)  ['infәu] n. [计]信息

[834]My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.

lecture (1)  ['lektʃә] n. 演讲, 讲稿, 谴责, 教训 vt. 演讲, 训诫, 说教 vi. 讲演
loom (1)  [lu:m] n. 织布机, 织机 v. 隐现, 迫近
twenty (1)  ['twenti] num. 二十, 二十个
wife (1)  [waif] n. 妻子

[835]As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

commercialized (2)
universalize (2) [ˏju:ni'vә:sәlaiz] vt. 使一般化, 使普遍化

[836]More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access.

afraid (3) [ә'freid] adj. 害怕, 担心

[837]As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.

widen (1) ['waidn] v. 加宽, 放宽, 扩展

[838]Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty.

defeat (1) [di'fi:t] n. 击败, 战胜, 失败 vt. 击败, 战胜, 使失败, 挫折 v. 击败

[839]To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.

impoverished (2)  [im'pɔvәriʃt] adj. 穷困的, 无力的,用尽了的
outdated (2)  [aut'deitid] adj. 过时的, 不流行的
prejudice (3)  ['predʒudis] n. 偏见, 成见, 损害, 侵害 v. 损害
respect (9)  [ris'pekt] n. 尊敬, 敬重, 注意, 考虑, 尊重, 关系, 有关, 敬意 vt. 尊敬, 尊重, 不防碍

[840]Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.

foundation (1)  [faun'deiʃәn] n. 基础, 根本, 建立, 创立, 地基, 基金, 基金会
infrastructure (8)  ['infrә'strʌktʃә] n. 下部构造, 基础下部组织
invasion (1)  [in'veiʒәn] n. 入侵
sovereignty (1)  ['sɔvrinti] n. 君主, 主权, 主权国家
structural (3)  ['strʌktʃәrәl] adj. 结构的, 建筑的

[841]When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so.

industrial (10) [in'dʌstriәl] adj. 工业的, 产业的, 实业的, 从事工业的 n. 工业工人, [商]工业股票

[842]And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure — including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on — were built with foreign investment.

harbor (1)  ['hɑ:bә] n. 海港
highway (1)  ['haiwei] n. 公路, 大路
port (1)  [pɔ:t] n. 港口, 舱门, 左舷, 避风港, 枪眼 vt. 左转舵, 持(枪) vi. 转舵左 n. 端口

[843]The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.

french (1) [frentʃ] 做法国菜 (煎炸前)将肉排表面浅割或将荚菜豆切成纵条

[844]They financed them.

finance (1) [fai'næns, fi-] n. 财政, 金融, 财政学 vt. 供给...经费, 负担经费 vi. 筹措资金

[845]That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.

fool (2) [fu:l] n. 愚人, 白痴, 莽汉, 受骗者, 奶油拌水果 vt. 愚弄, 欺骗, 浪费 vi. 干傻事, 开玩笑, 游荡 adj. 傻的
uncontrolled (2) ['ʌnkәn'trәuld] adj. 自由的, 无拘束的, 未受控制的

[846]Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?

distrust (4) [dis'trʌst] n. 不信任 vt. 不信任

[847]Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

factual (2)  ['fæktjuәl] adj. 事实的, 实际的
mistake (3)  [mis'teik] n. 错误, 过失 v. 弄错, 误解, 把...误认为
puzzlement (2)  ['pʌzlmәnt] n. 迷惑
sad (2)  [sæd] adj. 忧愁的, 悲哀的

[848]Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events.

journalist (6)  ['dʒә:nәlist] n. 新闻记者, 从事新闻杂志业的人
plug (1)  [plʌg] vt. 堵, 塞, 插上, 插栓 n. 塞子, 插头, 插销
template (3)  ['templit] n. (=templet) 模板

[849]In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

backbone (2)  ['bækbәun] n. 脊椎, 中枢, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇气, 毅力, 决心
narrative (2)  ['nærәtiv] adj. 叙述性的 n. 叙述
newsroom (4)  n. 编辑部, 阅览室
otherwise (5)  ['ʌeәwaiz] adv. 另外, 否则, 不同地, 别的方式 adj. 另外的, 其他方面的

[850]There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.

alien (2)  ['eiljәn] n. 外侨 adj. 外国的, 相异的, 不同, 背道而驰
cultural (11)  ['kʌltʃәr(ә)l] adj. 文化的
disconnect (2)  [ˏdiskә'nekt] v. 拆开, 分离, 断开

[851]In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.

city (7)  ['siti] n. 城市, 都市, 全体居民, 城邦
metropolitan (1)  [metrә'pɔlit(ә)n] adj. 首都的, 主要都市的, 大城市
plus (1)  [plʌs] prep. 加上 adj. 正的, 加的
questionnaire (1)  [ˏkwestiә'nєә, -tʃә-] n. 调查表, 问卷
reporter (6)  [ri'pɔ:tә] n. 记者, 通讯员
survey (5)  [sә:'vei] n. 测量, 调查, 俯瞰, 概观, 纵览, 视察 vt. 调查(收入,民意等) 测量, 勘定, 审视, 视察, 俯瞰, 通盘考虑 vi. 测量土地

[852]Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

maid (1)  [meid] n. 少女, 女仆
upscale (1)  ['ʌpskeil] adj. <美>高消费阶层的,迎合高层次消费者的,(商品)质优价高的
volunteer (1)  [vɔlәn'tiә(r)] n. 志愿者, 志愿兵 adj. 志愿的, 义务的, 无偿的 v. 自愿

[853]The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

astonishing (2)  [әs'tɔniʃiŋ] adj. 可惊异的
clash (2)  [klæʃ] n. 冲突, 撞击声, 抵触 v. (使)发出撞击声, 猛撞, 冲突
inaccuracy (2)  [in'ækjurәsi] n. 错误
reportorial (2)  [ˏrepә'tɔ:riәl] adj. 记者的

[854]This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one.

explosive (1) [iks'plәusiv] adj. 爆炸(性)的, 爆发(性)的, 暴露 n. 爆炸物, 炸药

[855]Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.

annoy (2) [ә'nɔi] vt. 使苦恼, 骚扰
troubled (1) ['trʌbld] adj. 麻烦的, 杂乱无章的, 不平静的

[856]Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.

annoyed (1)
flee (1)  [fli:] vt. 逃避, 逃跑, 逃走 vi. 消散, 逃, 消失
sponsor (1)  ['spɔnsә] n. 发起人, 主办者, 保证人, 主办人 vt. 发起, 主办 v. 赞助
symposium (1)  [sim'pәuziәm, -'pɔ-] n. 讨论会, 座谈会

[857]But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.

bias (1) ['baiәs] n. 偏见, 偏爱, 斜线 vt. 使存偏见

[858]If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

diversity (2)  [dai'vә:siti] n. 差异, 多样性
gender (2)  ['dʒendә] n. [语法] 性, <口>性别, 性, 性交
narrowly (3)  ['nærәuli] adv. 勉强地, 精细地

[859]The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.

acquisition (1) [ˏækwi'ziʃәn] n. 获得, 获得物
witness (2) ['witnis] n. [律]证人, 目击者, 证据, 证明, 证词 vt. 目击, 为...作证, 证明, 表明 vi. 作证, 成为证据

[860]The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.

hyperactive (1)  [ˏhaipә(:)'ræktiv] adj. 活动过度的, 极度活跃的,活动亢进的
sweep (2)  [swi:p] v. 扫, 打扫, 清扫, 席卷, 冲光, 扫过, 掠过
unsurpassed (1)  ['ʌnsә(:)'pɑ:st] adj. 未被凌驾的, 非常卓越的

[861]Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"

concentration (3) [ˏkɔnsen'treiʃәn] n. 集中, 集合, 专心, 浓缩, 浓度
uncontrollable (1) [ʌnkәn'trәulәb(ә)l] adj. 无法控制的

[862]Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.

multinational (3) [mʌlti'næʃәn(ә)l] adj. 多国的, 跨国公司的, 多民族的 n. 多国籍公司, 跨国公司

[863]International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.

affiliate (2)  [ә'filieit] v. (使...)加入, 接受为会员
segment (2)  ['segmәnt] n. 段, 节, 片断 v. 分割
welcome (7)  ['welkәm] n. 欢迎 vt. 欢迎 int. 欢迎 adj. 受欢迎的

[864]This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.

businessman (10) ['biznismæn] n. 商人
stability (2) [stә'biliti] n. 稳定性

[865]I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.

barrier (2)  ['bæriә] n. (阻碍通道的)障碍物, 栅栏, 屏障
enlarged (4)
globalization (2)  [ˏglәubәlai'zeiʃәn;-li'z-] n. 全球化,全球性
meeting (12)  ['mi:tiŋ] n. 会议, 集会, 会见, 会战, 汇合点

[866]All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers.

beneficial (1) [beni'fiʃәl] adj. 有益的, 受益的, [法律]有使用权的 adj. 有益的,得利的,[律]有使用权的
detrimental (1) [ˏdetri'mentl] adj. 有害的

[867]As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.

wealth (6) [welθ] n. 财富, 财产, 大量

[868]Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.

scanty (1) ['skænti] adj. 缺乏的,不足的,稀疏的,俭省的,不充足的

[869]Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created?

gigantic (1)  [dʒai'gæntik] adj. 巨人般的, 巨大的
lender (1)  ['lendә] n. 出借人, 贷方
resort (2)  [ri'zɔ:t] vi. 求助, 诉诸, 采取(某种手段等), 常去 n. 凭借, 手段, 常去之地, 胜地
supervise (1)  ['sju:pәvaiz] v. 监督, 管理, 指导

[870]Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition?

infringement (1) [in'frindʒmәnt] n. 违反, 侵害

[871]When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.

employment (3) [im'plɔimәnt] n. 雇用, 使用, 利用, 工作, 职业

[872]A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".

block (4)  [blɔk] n. 木块, 石块, 块, 街区, 印版, 滑轮, 阻滞, (一)批 vt. 防碍, 阻塞
disgraced (2)
lateral (2)  ['lætәrәl] n. 侧部, 支线, 边音 adj. 横(向)的, 侧面的
profile (2)  ['prәufail] n. 剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓
prompt (1)  [prɔmpt] n. 提示, 付款期限 vt. 提示, 鼓动, 促使, (给演员)提白 adj. 敏捷的, 迅速的, 即时的 adv. 准时地 n. DOS命令：改变DOS系统提示符的风格

[873]Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.

curiously (2)  adv. 好奇地
downshift (8)  ['daunˏʃift] v. (汽车等)调低速档
tired (2)  ['taiәd] adj. 疲劳的, 累的, 疲倦的

[874]I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of she magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.

preach (1) [pri:tʃ] v. 鼓吹

[875]I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

doctrine (2)  ['dɔktrin] n. 教条, 学说
editorship (2)  ['editәʃip] n. 编辑的地位职位
juggle (5)  ['dʒʌgl] vi. 玩戏法, 诓骗, 篡改 vt. 耍弄, 歪曲, 篡改 n. 玩戏法, 魔术, 欺骗
resignation (2)  [ˏrezig'neiʃәn] n. 辞职, 辞职书, 放弃, 顺从

[876]Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on "quality time".

deadline (1)  ['dedlain] n. 最终期限
fearful (1)  ['fiәful] adj. 可怕的, 吓人的, 恐怕的, 严重的
limitation (3)  [ˏlimi'teiʃәn] n. 限制, 局限性
pressured (1)

[877]In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend.

lifestyle (1) n. 生活方式
materialistic (1) [mәˏtiәriә'listik] adj. 唯物论的, 唯物主义的

[878]Downshifting — also known in America as "voluntary simplicity" — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism.

breed (2)  [bri:d] v. (使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养 n. 品种, 种类
simplicity (2)  [sim'plisiti] n. 简单, 简易, 朴素, 直率
voluntary (2)  ['vɔlәntәri; (US) -teri] adj. 自动的, 自愿的, 主动的, 故意的, 非官办的, 志愿的, 自发的

[879]There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.

mid (3)  [mid] adj. 中央的, 中部的, 中间的
newsletter (1)  ['nju:zˏletә(r)] n. 时事通讯
recycle (1)  ['ri:'saikl] v. 使再循环, 反复应用 n. 再循环, 再生, 重复利用
simplify (3)  ['simplifai] vt. 单一化, 简单化
soap (1)  [sәup] n. 肥皂

[880]While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

downsize (4)  ['daunˏsaiz] vt. 以较小尺寸设计(或制造),缩小(汽车等)的外部尺寸
reaction (4)  [ri(:)'ækʃәn] n. 反应, 反作用, 反动(力)
thrift (2)  [θrift] n. 节俭, 节约, [植]海石竹

[881]For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.

mythical (2)  ['miθikә l] adj. 神话的, 虚构的
organic (4)  [ɔ:'gænik] adj. 器官的, 有机的, 组织的, 建制的
recognition (2)  [ˏrekәg'niʃәn] n. 赞誉, 承认, 重视, 公认, 赏识识别
vegetable (2)  ['vedʒitәbl] n. 蔬菜, 植物, 生活呆板单调的人 adj. 蔬菜的, 植物的

[882]④Downshifting — also known in America as "voluntary simplicity" — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism.

downshifting (1)

[883]Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.

predominance (1) [pri'dɔminәns] n. 优势

[884]By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.

competitiveness (1)

[885]Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.

shrink (1) [ʃriŋk] v. 收缩, (使)皱缩, 缩短

[886]By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.

maker (1) ['meikә] n. 制造者, 上帝, [律]发期票的人

[887]Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.

textile (1) ['tekstail] n. 纺织品 adj. 纺织的

[888]America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes.

rope (1) [rәup] n. 绳, 索, 绳索 v. 围起

[889]For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

casualty (2)  ['kæʒjuәlti] n. 伤亡
invent (2)  [in'vent] vt. 发明, 创造 v. 发明
making (4)  ['meikiŋ] n. 制造, 发展, 素质
semiconductor (2)  ['semikәn'dʌktә] n. [物] 半导体

[890]Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.

prosperity (1) [prɔs'periti] n. 繁荣

[891]The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline.

inquiry (3) [in'kwaiәri] n. 质询, 调查

[892]Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

overseas (2) ['әuvә'si:z] adv. 海外 adj. 外国的, 海外的
sensational (2) [sen'seiʃәnәl] adj. 使人感动的, 非常好的

[893]In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.

solid (2) ['sɔlid] n. 固体, 立体 adj. 固体的, 实心的, 坚固的, 结实的, 立体的, 可靠的, 一致的, 纯粹的

[894]Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.

attribute (3)  [ә'tribju(:)t] n. 属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于
cycle (4)  ['saikl] n. 周期, 循环, 自行车, 一段时间, 整套, (电学)周波 vi. 循环, 轮转, 骑自行车 vt. 使循环, 使轮转
devalue (2)  [di:'vælju:] v. (=devaluate)减值, 贬值
turning (2)  ['tә:niŋ] n. 旋转, 转向, 转弯处

[895]Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.

blind (3) [blaind] adj. 瞎的, 盲目的 vt. 使失明, 缺乏眼光或判断力

[896]"American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.

dean (1) [di:n] n. (大学)院长, 主持牧师, (基督教)教长

[897]"It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."

golden (1) ['gәuldәn] adj. 金色的, 金黄色的, 贵重的, 极好的, 黄金的

[898]①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.

effortless (1)  ['efәtlis] adj. 容易的, 不费力气的
handicap (1)  ['hændikæp] n. 障碍, 阻碍, 障碍赛跑 v. 妨碍, 使不利, 阻碍
properly (4)  ['prɔpәli] adv. 适当地, 完全地

[899]America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

prosperous (1) ['prɔspәrәs] adj. 繁荣的

[900]There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.

balance (3)  ['bælәns] n. 秤, 天平, 平衡, [商] 收支差额, 结余, 余额 v. 平衡, 称, 权衡, 对比, 结算 n. 资产平稳表
maturity (2)  [mә'tjuәriti] n. 成热, 完备, (票据)到期, 成熟
ratio (2)  ['reiʃiәu] n. 比, 比率, [财政]复本位制中金银的法定比价
twice (3)  [twais] adv. 两次, 两倍

[901]But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.

mortality (1) [mɔ:'tæliti] n. 死亡率

[902]Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.

boy (4) [bɔi] n. 男孩, 儿子, 孩子气的人, 男仆
girl (1) [gә:l] n. 女孩, 少女, 女仆, (商店等的)女工作人员

[903]This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.

mate (1) [meit] n. 配偶, 对手, 助手 vt. 使配对, 使一致, 结伴 vi. 成配偶, 紧密配合

[904]More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.

selection (10) [si'lekʃәn] n. 选择, 挑选, 选集, 精选品

[905]Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight.

fifty (3) ['fifti] adj. 五十
weight (5) [weit] n. 重力, 重量, 分量, 砝码, 重要(性), 势力, 负担, 重累

[906]A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.

kilogram (3) ['kilәgræm] n. [物]千克, 公斤
light (2) [lait] n. 光, 日光, 发光体, 灯 adj. 轻的, 发光的, 明亮的, 浅的vt.点燃, 照亮 adv. 轻地 vi. 点着, 变亮

[907]Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

due (3)  [dju:] n. 应得物、权力, [复]应付款 adj. 应得的, 应付的, 正当的, 预期的, (车、船预定)应到的
evolution (11)  [ˏi:vә'lu:ʃәn, ˏevә-] n. 进展, 发展, 演变, 进化
gene (6)  [dʒi:n] n. [遗传]因子, [遗传]基因

[908]There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.

commit (1) [kә'mit] vt. 犯(错误), 干(坏事), 把...交托给, 提交, 答应负责
evolutionary (5) [ˏi:vә'lu:ʃәnәri] 进化的

[909]Few people are as fertile as in the past.

fertile (3) ['fә:tail; 'fә:til] adj. 肥沃的, 富饶的, 能繁殖的

[910]Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children.

except (7) [ik'sept] vt. 除, 把...除外, 反对, 不计 vi. 反对 prep. 除了...之外, 若不是, 除非 conj. 只是, 要不是

[911]Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.

nowadays (1) ['nauәdeiz] adv. 现今, 现在

[912]Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.

offspring (6) ['ɔfspriŋ; (US) 'ɔ:f-] n. (单复数同形)儿女, 子孙, 后代, 产物

[913]Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.

diminish (2) [di'miniʃ] v. (使)减少, (使)变小

[914]The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.

tribal (1) ['traibәl] adj. 部落的, 种族的

[915]The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

grand (2)  [grænd] adj. 盛大的, 豪华的, 重大的, 主要的, 极重要的
mediocrity (2)  [ˏmi:di'ɔkriti] n. 平常, 平庸之才
survival (5)  [sә'vaivәl] n. 生存, 幸存, 残存, 幸存者, 残存物
tribe (2)  [traib] n. 部落, 部族

[916]Strangely, it has involved little physical change.

strangely (1) adv. 奇怪地

[917]Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."

comprehension (3)  [ˏkɔmpri'henʃәn] n. 理解, 包含
ignorant (2)  ['ignәrәnt] adj. 无知的
phrase (5)  [freiz] n. 短语, 习语, 惯用语, 成语, 措词 vt. 用短语表达
savage (2)  ['sævidʒ] adj. 野蛮的, 未开化的, 凶猛的, 残忍的 vt. 用暴力对付 n. 原始的人, 粗鲁的人
ship (2)  [ʃip] n. 船, 海船, 舰 v. 装上船, 航运, 载运, 在船上工作
wholly (2)  ['hәuli] adv. 整个, 统统, 全部, 专门地

[918]No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.

ugliness (1) ['ʌglinis] n. 丑陋

[919]But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.

amaze (1) [ә'meiz] vt. 使吃惊
descendant (1) [di'send(ә)nt] n. 子孙, 后裔, 后代

[920]When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

advisable (2)  [әd'vaizәbl] adj. 可取的, 明智的
attain (2)  [ә'tein] vt. 达到, 获得 v. 达到
unreasonable (2)  [ʌn'ri:znәbl] adj. 不讲道理的, 不合理的, 过度的, 不切实际的

[921]With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.

literature (4) ['litәritʃә] n. 文学(作品), 文艺, 著作, 文献

[922]This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.

brief (4)  [bri:f] n. 摘要, 大纲 adj. 简短的, 短暂的 vt. 摘要, (军事)下达简令
conditionally (1)  adv. 有条件地
speed (5)  [spi:d] n. 迅速, 速度, 速率 v. 加快, 速飞, 飞跑
till (1)  [til] prep. 直到, 在...以前, 迄 conj. 在...以前, 直到...为止 vt. 耕种 n. (商店)铁柜, 放钱的抽屉, 备用现金, 冰渍

[923]Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.

corresponding (1) [ˏkɔris'pɔndiŋ] adj. 相应的, 通讯的
undergo (1) [ˏʌndә'gәu] vt. 经历, 遭受, 忍受

[924]This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.

speeding (1) ['spi:diŋ] n. 超速行驶

[925]We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress.

interpret (5) [in'tә:prit] v. 解释, 说明, 口译, 通译, 认为是...的意思

[926]We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.

adjective (2)  ['ædʒiktiv] n. 形容词
qualify (2)  ['kwɔlifai] v. (使)具有资格, 证明合格, 限制修饰 vt. 限制, 限定
verb (2)  [vә:b] n. [语]动词

[927]Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.

color (1)  ['kʌlә] n. <美>(=colour)颜色, 色彩, 脸色, 风格, 外貌 vt. 给...涂颜色, 改变...的颜色, 粉饰, 脸红, 歪曲 vi. 获得颜色, 变色
ink (1)  [iŋk] n. 墨水
lengthen (1)  ['leŋθәn] v. 延长, (使)变长
shorten (1)  ['ʃɔ:tn] v. 缩短, (使)变短

[928]But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff!

bridge (2)  [bridʒ] n. 桥, 船桥, 鼻梁, 桥牌 vt. 架桥, 渡过
explanatory (2)  [iks'plænәtәri] adj. 说明的, 解释性
river (2)  ['rivә] n. 河, 江

[929]All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.

proposition (3) [ˏprɔpә'ziʃәn] n. 主张, 建议, 陈述, 命题

[930]The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

essentially (1) [i'senʃәli] adv. 本质上, 本来

[931]Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.

aimlessness (2)
envy (2)  ['envi] n. vt.羡慕, 嫉妒
harmony (2)  ['hɑ:mәni] n. 协调, 融洽
postwar (4)  ['pәust'wɔ:] adj. 战后的

[932]The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

climb (2)  [klaim] v. 攀登, 爬 n. 攀登, 爬
entry (2)  ['entri] n. 登录, 条目, 进入, 入口, [商]报关手续, [律]对土地的侵占, 对房屋的侵入
ladder (2)  ['lædә] n. 梯子, 阶梯 vi. 袜子抽丝, 装设梯子
rigid (2)  ['ridʒid] adj. 刚硬的, 刚性的, 严格的
sacrifice (4)  ['sækrifais] n. 牺牲, 献身, 祭品, 供奉 v. 牺牲, 献出, 献祭, 供奉

[933]In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.

satisfy (1) ['sætisfai] vt. 满足, 使满意, 说服, 使相信 v. 满意, 确保

[934]While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.

basics (2)
foreigner (3) ['fɔrinә] n. 外国人, 外地人

[935]"Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee.

committee (1)  [kә'miti] n. 委员会
courage (3)  ['kʌridʒ] n. 勇气, 精神
ignore (2)  [ig'nɔ:] vt. 不理睬, 忽视, [律](因证据不足而)驳回诉讼

[936]Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.

assault (1) [ә'sɔ:lt] n. 攻击, 袭击 v. 袭击
incident (1) ['insidәnt] n. 事件, 事变 adj. 附带的, 易于发生的

[937]Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education.

amid (1)  [ә'mid] prep. 在...中
outcry (1)  ['autkrai] n. 大声疾呼
prewar (1)  ['pri:'wɔ:] adj. 战前的 adv. 在战前

[938]Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".

morality (2)  [mɔ'ræliti] adj. 道德的 n. 道德
occupation (2)  [ˏɔkju'peiʃәn] n. 职业, 占有, 占有(房屋等)期间
weaken (4)  ['wi:kәn] v. 削弱, (使)变弱

[939]"In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure."

educator (1) ['edju:keitә(r)] n. 教育家
endure (2) [in'djuә] v. 耐久, 忍耐

[940]With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

centralization (2)  ['sentrәlai'zeiʃәn] n. 集中, 中央集权化
citizen (7)  ['sitizn] n. 市民, 公民
favor (5)  ['feivә] n. 好感, 宠爱, 关切, 欢心, 好意, 喜爱 vt. 支持, 赞成, 照顾, 促成, 象, 喜欢, 证实, 赐予
household (4)  ['haushәuld] n. 一家人, 家庭, 家族, 王室 adj. 家庭的, 家族的, 家属的, 普通的, 平常的
isolate (3)  ['aisәleit] vt. 使隔离, 使孤立, 使绝缘, 离析 n. 隔离种群

[941]Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell.

commute (1)  [kә'mju:t] v. 交换, 抵偿, 减刑, <电工>整流
discomfort (1)  [dis'kʌmfәt] n. 不便之处, 不适
lengthy (3)  ['leŋθi] adj. (演说、文章等)冗长的, 过分的
travels (1)

[942]In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

divorce (1) [di'vɔ:s] n. 离婚, 脱离 vt. 使离婚, 与...脱离

[943]If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.

destiny (2) ['destini] n. 命运, 定数

[944]If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

vitality (2) [vai'tæliti] n. 活力, 生命力, 生动性

[945]What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.

grandparent (1) ['grændpeәrәnt] n. 祖父或祖母, 祖父母

[946]There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.

barn (2)  [bɑ:n] n. [农]谷仓, 畜棚, 畜舍, 机器房
door (2)  [dɔ:, dɔә] n. 门, 通道, 家, 户
horse (2)  [hɔ:s] n. 马, [总称]骑兵, 脚架, 马力 vi. 骑马, 作弄人 vt. 使骑马, 系马于
hypocrisy (2)  [hi'pɔkrәsi] n. 伪善
ride (2)  [raid] v. 骑, 乘 n. 骑, 乘

[947]Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.

formerly (3) ['fɔ:mәli] adv. 从前, 以前, 原来
interested (2) ['intristid] adj. 感兴趣的, 有成见的, 有权益的

[948]Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

item (3) ['aitem, 'aitәm] n. (可分类或列举的)项目, 条款, (消息、情报等的)一则, 一条

[949]What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

acquisitive (2)  [ә'kwizitiv] adj. 想获得的, 有获得可能性的, 可学到的
confess (2)  [kәn'fes] v. 承认, 坦白, 忏悔
openly (4)  ['әupәnli] adv. 不隐瞒地, 公然地
vulgar (2)  ['vʌlgә(r)] adj. 粗俗的, 庸俗的, 普通的, 通俗的, 本土的 n. <古>平民, 百姓

[950]Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

ample (2)  ['æmpl] adj. 充足的, 丰富的
enrol (2)  [in'rәul] vt. 登记, 入学 vi. 参军, 注册
fine (5)  [fain] adj. 美好的, 优良的, 杰出的, 精美的, 杰出的, 细, 纤细, 纯粹 n. 罚款, 罚金, 晴天, 精细 vt. 罚款, 精炼, 澄清 vi. 变清, 变细 adv. <口>很好, 妙, [常用于构成复合词]细微地, 精巧地
hypocritical (2)  [ˏhipә'kritikәl] adj. 伪善的, 伪善者的
materialism (2)  [mә'tiәriәlizәm] n. 唯物主义
meal (3)  [mi:l] n. 一餐, 一顿饭, 膳食, (谷类的)粗粉 vi. 进餐
participatory (2)  [pɑ:'tisipeitәri,pә-] adj. 供人分享的
phase (2)  [feiz] n. 阶段, 状态, 相, 相位 v. 定相
spectacles (2)  n. 眼镜
summer (2)  ['sʌmә] n. 夏季 vi. 避暑, 过夏天 adj. 夏季的, 在夏季的
supply (6)  [sә'plai] n. 补给, 供给, 供应品 vt. 补给, 供给, 提供, 补充, 代理 vi. 替代他人职务

[951]For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."

ambitious (1)  [æm'biʃәs] adj. 有雄心的, 野心勃勃的
exceptional (9)  [ik'sepʃәnl] adj. 例外的, 异常的
formulation (1)  [ˏfɔ:mju'leiʃәn] n. 用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述

[952]The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.

angle (2)  ['æŋgl] n. [数]角, 角落 vi. 钓鱼, 追逐
defender (5)  [di'fendә] n. 防卫者, 拥护者, 辩护者, [运动]卫冕者
extremely (4)  [iks'tri:mli] adv. 极端地, 非常地
unattractive (2)  [ˏʌnә'træktiv] adj. 不引人注意的
unimpressive (2)  ['ʌnim'presiv] adj. 不令人信服的, 无印象的, 印象淡薄的

[953]As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.

fix (2) [fiks] vt. 使固定, 装置, 修理, 准备, 安装, 凝视, 整理, 牢记 vi. 固定, 注视, 决定, 选定, 确定 n. 困境, 方位, 贿赂
impulse (3) ['impʌls] n. 推动, 刺激, 冲动, 推动力 vt. 推动

[954]This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed.

profess (1)  [prә'fes] v. 表示
prompting (1)  ['prɔmptiŋ] n. 促进, 激励, 提示
stirring (1)  ['stә:riŋ] adj. 激动人心的, 活跃的, 忙碌的

[955]Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly.

sly (1) [slai] adj. 狡猾的

[956]Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

angry (1)  ['æŋgri] adj. 生气的, 愤怒的, 狂暴的(风雨等)
earnest (1)  ['ә:nist] adj. 认真的, 热心的, 重要的n.真挚, 定金, 认真, 热心
left (1)  [left] adj. 左边的, 左倾的, 左侧的, 左派的, 左翼的 adv. 在左面 n. 左, 左边, 左派 vbl. leave的过去式和过去分词
stupid (1)  ['stju:pid] adj. 愚蠢的, 麻木的, 乏味的

[957]Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.

doormat (2) ['dɔ:mæt] n. (放于门前的)擦鞋垫
leg (1) [leg] n. 腿, 胫, 旅程的一段 vi. 走, 跑

[958]Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.

burn (1) [bә:n] v. 烧, 烧焦, 点(灯), 使感觉烧热 n. 烧伤, 灼伤
stove (2) [stәuv] n. 炉

[959]Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.

compensate (1)  ['kɔmpәnseit] v. 偿还, 补偿, 付报酬
lawsuit (3)  ['lɔ:su:t, 'lɔ:sju:t] n. 诉讼(尤指非刑事案件)
luckily (1)  ['lʌkili] adv. 幸运地

[960]Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.

jury (2)  ['dʒuәri] n. [律] 陪审团, 评判委员会, 陪审员 adj. [海]临时应急的
liable (1)  ['laiәbl] adj. 有责任的, 有义务的, 易...的, 有...倾向的, 负有责任的, 很有可能的
misfortune (1)  [mis'fɔ:tʃәn] n. 不幸, 灾祸

[961]Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

anticipate (1) [æn'tisipeit] vt. 预期, 期望, 过早使用, 先人一着, 占先 v. 预订, 预见, 可以预料
label (5) ['leibl] n. 标签, 签条, 商标, 标志 vt. 贴标签于, 指...为, 分类, 标注 [计] 加上或修改磁盘的标签

[962]Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise!

stepladder (1) ['steplædә(r)] n. 活梯

[963]The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."

cape (1)  [keip] n. 海角, 岬
caution (5)  ['kɔ:ʃәn] n. 小心, 谨慎, 警告 vt. 警告
enable (5)  [i'neibl] vt. 使能够, 授予权利或方法
fly (1)  [flai] n. 苍蝇, 两翼昆虫, 飞行 vi. 飞翔, 飘扬, 溃逃 vt. 飞越, 使飘扬, 逃脱 adj. 机敏的, 敏捷的
toy (1)  [tɔi] n. 玩具

[964]While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

injure (3)  ['indʒә] vt. 损害, 伤害 v. 伤害
liability (6)  [ˏlaiә'biliti] n. 责任, 义务, 倾向, 债务, 负债, 与assets相对
manufacturer (3)  [ˏmænju'fæktʃәrә] n. 制造业者, 厂商
seller (3)  ['selә] n. 售货者

[965]Now the tide appears to be turning.

tide (3) [taid] n. 潮, 潮汐, 潮流, 趋势

[966]As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.

defendant (2) [di'fendәnt] n. 被告 adj. 辩护的, 为自己辩护的
injury (4) ['indʒәri] n. 伤害, 侮辱

[967]In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.

football (2)  ['futbɔ:l] n. 足球, 橄榄球
helmet (4)  ['helmit] n. 头盔, 钢盔
paralyze (2)  ['pærәlaiz] vt. 使瘫痪, 使麻痹

[968]"We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons.

paralyzed (1)
prevent (5)  [pri'vent] v. 防止, 预防
sorry (1)  ['sɔri] adj. 遗憾的, 对不起的, 可怜的, 抱歉的

[969]At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

bombard (4)  ['bɔmbɑ:d] vt. 炮轰；轰击
guideline (3)  n. 方针
recommendation (8)  [ˏrekәmen'deiʃәn] n. 推荐, 介绍(信), 劝告, 建议
tort (2)  [tɔ:t] n. [律]民事侵权行为

[970]"Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines.

bury (1) ['beri] vt. 埋葬, 掩埋, 隐藏
triviality (1) [trivi'æliti] n. 琐事

[971]If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

moderate (2) ['mɔdәrit] adj. 中等的, 适度的, 适中的 v. 缓和

[972]In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market.

revolve (1) [ri'vɔlv] v. (使)旋转, 考虑, 循环出现
tap (1) [tæp] n. 轻打, 活栓, 水龙头 vt. 轻打, 轻敲, 敲打出, 开发, 分接, 使流出, 选择, 攻螺纹于 vi. 轻叩, 轻拍, 轻声走 n. <美>(用复数)熄灯号

[973]Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.

hesitate (2)  ['heziteit] v. 犹豫, 踌躇, 不愿
nonetheless (1)  [ˏnʌneә'les] adv. 虽然如此, 但是
reliability (1)  [riˏlaiә'biliti] n. 可靠性

[974]"Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research.

analyst (1) ['ænәlist] n. 分析家, 分解者

[975]Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.

established (2) [is'tæbliʃt] adj. 已制定的, 确定的
intranet (2)

[976]Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.

commerce (1) ['kɔmә(:)s] n. 商业

[977]Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites.

pull (1) [pul] v. 拉, 拖, 拔 n. 拉, 拖, 拉力, 牵引力

[978]In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

transmit (4) [trænz'mit] vt. 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导, 发射, 遗传, 传播 vi. 发射信号, 发报

[979]Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors.

continually (3)  [kәn'tinjuәli] adv. 不断地, 频繁地
monitor (1)  ['mɔnitә] n. 班长, 监听器, 监视器, 监控器 vt. 监控 v. 监控
saver (1)  ['seivә] n. 救助者, 节俭的人
update (1)  [ʌp'deit] v. 使现代化, 修正, 校正, 更新 n. 现代化, 更新

[980]Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site.

customize (1) [kʌstәmaiz] v. [计] 定制, 用户化
proceed (1) [prә'si:d] vi. 进行, 继续下去, 发生

[981]Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.

offering (1) ['ɔfәriŋ] n. 提供, 奉献物, 献礼, 祭品
virtual (3) ['vә:tjuәl, -tʃuәl] adj. 虚的, 实质的, [物]有效的, 事实上的

[982]Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

request (5) [ri'kwest] vt. 请求, 要求 n. 请求, 要求, 邀请

[983]Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades.

fade (3)  [feid] vi. (声音等)减弱下去, 褪色, 消失, 枯萎, 凋谢 vt. 使褪色 n. 淡入, 淡出 adj. 乏味的, 平淡的
promotion (3)  [prә'mәuʃәn] n. 促进, 发扬, 提升, 提拔, 晋升
uninvited (1)  ['ʌnin'vaitid] adj. 未被邀请的,未经请求的

[984]That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.

horrify (1) ['hɔrifai] v. 使恐怖, 使极度厌恶, 惊骇
purist (1) ['pjuәrist] n. 纯化论者

[985]The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa.Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

hospitality (4)  [ˏhɔspi'tæliti] n. 好客, 宜人, 盛情
interactivity (2)
mix (2)  [miks] v. 使混和, 混淆, 混合 n. 混合
pioneer (4)  [ˏpaiә'niә] n. 先驱, 倡导者, 先遣兵, 先锋

[986]And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.

compute (2)  [kәm'pju:t] v. 计算, 估计, 用计算机计算(或确定)
enterprise (4)  ['entәpraiz] n. 企业, 事业, 计划, 事业心, 进取心, 干事业
silicon (2)  ['silikәn] n. [化]硅, 硅元素

[987]People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

plunge (1) [plʌndʒ] n. 跳进, 投入 vi. 投入, 跳进, 陷入 vt. 使投入, 使插入, 使陷入

[988]An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

border (2)  ['bɔ:dә] n. 边界, 国界, 边, 边沿, 边境 vt. 与...接壤, 接近 v. 接壤
classroom (7)  ['klɑ:srum] n. 教室
invisible (2)  [in'vizәbl] adj. 看不见的, 无形的

[989]Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

contradiction (1) [ˏkɔntrә'dikʃәn] n. 反驳, 矛盾

[990]An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

universally (2) [ju:ni'vә:sәli] adv. 普遍地,全体地,到处

[991]It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.

attend (5)  [ә'tend] vt. 出席, 参加, 照顾, 护理, 注意 vi. 专心, 留意
legally (2)  adv. 法律上, 合法地
teens (1)  [ti:nz] n. 十多岁

[992]Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

competently (2) adv. 胜任地, 适合地
livelihood (2) ['laivlihud] n. 生计, 谋生

[993]But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education.

equip (2) [i'kwip] vt. 装备, 配备, 训练, 准备行装

[994]With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated.

industrialize (1) [in'dʌstriәlaiz] vt. 使工业化 vi. 工业化

[995]Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.

betray (1)  [bi'trei] vt. 出卖, 背叛, 泄露(秘密), 露出...迹象
cheery (1)  ['tʃiәri] adj. 愉快的
forsake (1)  [fә'seik] vt. 放弃, 抛弃
pessimism (1)  ['pesimizm] n. 悲观, 悲观主义

[996]Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

achievement (4)  [ә'tʃi:vmәnt] n. 成就, 功绩
brine (1)  [brain] n. 盐水
emphasize (2)  ['emfәsaiz] vt. 强调, 着重 v. 强调
vocational (2)  [vәu'keiʃәnәl] adj. 职业的

[997]It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants.

accountant (1) [ә'kauntәnt] n. 会计(员), 会计师
presumptuous (1) [pri'zʌmptjuәs] adj. 专横的

[998]It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs.

lifelong (1) ['laiflɔŋ] adj. 终身的, 毕生的

[999]When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly.

clone (5)  [klәun] n. 无性系, 无性繁殖, 克隆 v. 无性繁殖, 复制
sheep (1)  [ʃi:p] n. 羊, 绵羊, 羞答答的人, 胆小鬼, 信徒
startle (1)  ['stɑ:tl] v. 震惊
swiftly (1)  adv. 很快地, 即刻

[1000]Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

cloning (10)  ['klɔniŋ] 无性（繁殖）系化，纯系化
declare (3)  [di'klєә] vt. 断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明, (向海关)中报进口应纳税之货物
fund (8)  [fʌnd] n. 资金, 基金 v. 支助, 投资
husbandry (2)  ['hʌzbәndri] n. 管理

[1001]That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.

feverishly (1) adv. 兴奋地

[1002]NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.

ban (4) [bɑ:n] n. 禁令 vt. 禁止, 取缔(书刊等)
indefinitely (2) adv. 不确定地

[1003]But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells — routine in molecular biology.

restriction (1) [ris'trikʃәn] n. 限制, 约束

[1004]The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

crime (4) [kraim] n. 犯罪, 犯罪行为, 罪行, 罪恶
recommend (2) [rekә'mend] vt. 推荐, 介绍, 劝告, 使受欢迎, 托付, 使...受欢迎, 使...可取

[1005]In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning."

consensus (2)  [kәn'sensәs] n. 一致同意, 多数人的意见, 舆论
discuss (2)  [dis'kʌs] vt. 讨论, 论述
morally (2)  ['mɔrәli] adv. 精神上
unacceptable (2)  ['ʌnәk'septәbl] adj. 无法接受的, 不受欢迎的

[1006]The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.

conclusion (2) [kәn'klu:ʒәn] n. 结束, 缔结, 结论
informally (1) adv. 非正式地

[1007]NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child.

continued (1) [kәn'tinju:d] adj. 继续的, 延续的
nucleus (1) ['nju:kliәs] [nuclear的复数, 见nuclear] n. 核子

[1008]Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

embryo (6)  ['embriәu] n. 胚胎, 胎儿, 胚芽 adj. 胚胎的, 初期的
endanger (2)  [in'deindʒә] vt. 危及
forbid (2)  [fә'bid] vt. 禁止, 不许 v. 禁止
knowingly (2)  ['nәuiŋli] adv. 有意地, 心照不宣地
silent (2)  ['sailәnt] adj. 寂静的, 沉默的, 无声的, 无记载的

[1009]NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer.

indicate (5) ['indikeit] vt. 指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明
transfer (1) [træns'fә:] n. 迁移, 移动, 传递, 转移, 调任, 转帐, 过户, 转让 vt. 转移, 调转, 调任, 传递, 转让, 改变 vi. 转移, 转学, 换车

[1010]Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.

prepare (6) [pri'pєә] v. 准备, 预备, 有能力而且愿意
preparedness (1) [pri'pєәdnis, pri'pєәridnis] n. 有准备, 已准备

[1011]Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.

apple (5)  ['æpl] n. 苹果, 似苹果的果实
gravity (1)  ['græviti] n. 地心引力, 重力
supposedly (1)  [sә'pәuzidli] adv. 想像上, 按照推测

[1012]But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets.

curious (2)  ['kjuәriәs] adj. 好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 爱挑剔的
moon (3)  [mu:n] n. 月球, 月亮, 卫星
motion (7)  ['mәuʃәn] n. 运动, 动作 v. 运动
orbital (1)  ['ɔ:bitl] adj. 轨道的, 眼窝的

[1013]Why didn't they fall out of the sky?

sky (1) [skai] n. 天, 天空

[1014]The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

earth (7)  [ә:θ] n. 地球, 陆地, 泥土, 洞穴, 地球上的人类, 尘世, [电]接地 vt. 埋入土中, 把...赶入洞内, 把...接地 vi. 躲入洞内
fruit (2)  [fru:t] n. 水果, 果实, 果类, 成果 vi. 结果实
tree (3)  [tri:] n. 树, 木料, 树状物 vt. 赶上树 n. [计] 显示驱动器的子目录结构 vi. 爬上树, 逃上树

[1015]His mind was ready for the unpredictable.

unpredictable (2) ['ʌnpri'diktәbl] adj. 不可预知的

[1016]Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

dry (1) [drai] adj. 干的, 干燥的, 口渴的 vt. (使)干燥, (使)变干 v. 干燥

[1017]In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.

imaginative (2) [i'mædʒinәtiv] adj. 想象的, 虚构的
impression (2) [im'preʃәn] n. 印象, 感想, 盖印, 压痕

[1018]I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.

advisability (1) [әdˏvaizә'biliti] n. 明智

[1019]The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive."

frown (1) [fraun] vi. 皱眉, 蹙额, 不赞成, 反对 v. 皱眉
graph (1) [grɑ:f] n. 图表, 曲线图

[1020]The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

speculate (1) ['spekjuˏleit] vi. 推测, 思索, 做投机买卖

[1021]He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.

convince (1) [kәn'vins] vt. 使确信, 使信服
unquestioned (1) [ʌn'kwestʃәnd] adj. 不成为问题的, 无疑问的

[1022]If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

faithfully (2)  ['feiθfuli] adv. 忠诚地, 如实地, 切实遵守地
measurable (4)  ['meʒәrәbl] adj. 可测量的
perfectly (2)  ['pә:fiktli] adj. 极佳地, 完美的 adv. 很, 完全, 完美地

[1023]It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

auditor (2)  ['ɔ:ditә] n. 计员, 核数师
distract (2)  [dis'trækt] v. 转移
microscope (2)  ['maikrәskәup] n. 显微镜
necessity (2)  [ni'sesiti] n. 必要性, 需要,必需品
reasonable (5)  ['ri:znәbl] adj. 合理的, 有道理的, 通情达理的, 讲道理的

[1024]Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."

ball (2)  [bɔ:l] n. 球, 球状物, 子弹, 舞会, 尽情地玩
conformity (2)  [kәn'fɔ:miti] n. 一致, 符合
desirable (3)  [di'zaiәrәbl] adj. 值得要的, 合意的, 令人想要的, 悦人心意的
discriminate (2)  [dis'krimineit] v. 歧视, 区别, 区别待遇
regularity (2)  [ˏregju'læriti] n. 规律性, 规则性, 整齐, 匀称

[1025]Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.

dam (20)  [dæm] n. 水坝, 障碍 v. 控制, 筑坝
giant (5)  ['dʒaiәnt] n. 巨人, 大力士, 巨大的动物或植物, 伟人, 天才 adj. 庞大的, 巨大的
imagination (1)  [iˏmædʒi'neiʃәn] n. 想象, 空想, 想象的事物, 想象力, 听觉

[1026]Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

bidding (2)  ['bidiŋ] n. 命令, 出价, 邀请
drought (2)  [draut] n. 干旱, 缺乏
fascinating (2)  ['fæsineitiŋ] adj. 迷人的, 醉人的, 着魔的
flood (5)  [flʌd] n. 洪水, 水灾, (因雨)涨潮, [诗]水 vt. 淹没, 使泛滥, 注满, 充满 vi. 被水淹, 溢出, 涌进, 喷出, 涌出
humankind (2)  ['hju:mәnkaind] n. 人类
mercy (2)  ['mә:si] n. 仁慈, 宽恕, 怜悯
water (5)  ['wɔ:tә] n. 水, 雨水, 海水, 水位, 水面, 流体 vt. 喷淋, 供以水, 注入水, 使湿 vi. 流泪, 加水 adj. 水的, 水上的, 水生的, 含水的

[1027]The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.

lesson (2) ['lesn] n. 功课, (一节)课, 课程, 教训

[1028]It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.

assert (4)  [ә'sә:t] v. 断言, 声称
strive (4)  [straiv] v. 努力, 奋斗, 力争, 斗争
symbol (2)  ['simbәl] n. 符号, 记号, 象征

[1029]Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.

cement (1) [si'ment] n. 水泥, 接合剂 vt. 接合, 用水泥涂, 巩固 vi. 粘牢

[1030]The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

deprive (2)  [di'praiv] vt. 剥夺, 使丧失
electricity (2)  [ilek'trisiti] n. 电流, 电, 电学
flooding (2)  ['flʌdiŋ] n. 泛滥, 灌溉, [化]溢流, (油漆干燥时或加热时的)变色, 产后出血
reservoir (2)  ['rezәvwɑ:] n. 水库, 蓄水池
silt (4)  [silt] n. 淤泥, 残渣, 煤粉, 泥沙 v. (使)淤塞, 充塞

[1031]And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists.

myth (2) [miθ] n. 神话, 神话式的人物(或事物), 虚构的故事, 荒诞的说法
persist (1) [pә(:)'sist] vi. 坚持, 持续

[1032]This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

contention (2) [kәn'tenʃәn] n. 争夺, 争论, 争辩, 论点
troops (2)

[1033]And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction.

destruction (1)  [dis'trʌkʃәn] n. 破坏, 毁灭
hardship (1)  ['hɑ:dˏʃip] n. 困苦, 艰难, 辛苦
powerless (1)  ['pauәlis] adj. 无能力的

[1034]Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.

resolve (5) [ri'zɔlv] n. 决心 v. 决心, 决定, 决心要, (使)分解, 溶解, 解决 vt. 解决

[1035]Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.

hydroelectric (1)  ['haidrәi'lektrik] adj. 水力电气的
irrigation (1)  [ˏiri'geiʃәn] n. 灌溉, 冲洗
monster (1)  ['mɔnstә] n. 怪物, 妖怪

[1036]Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival.

tale (1) [teil] n. 故事, 坏话, 流言蜚语, 谣言, 叙述, 传说

[1037]What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

assume (5) [ә'sju:m] vt. 假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现
preside (2) [pri'zaid] v. 主持

[1038]The official statistics are mildly discouraging.

discourage (2) [dis'kʌridʒ] vt. 使气馁, 阻碍
mildly (1) ['maildli] adv. 温和地, 适度地, 略微

[1039]They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987.

manufacturing (1) [ˏmænju'fæktʃәriŋ] n. 制造业 adj. 制造业的

[1040]That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.

somewhat (5) ['sʌm(h)wɔt] adv. 稍微, 有点, 有些

[1041]The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

conclusive (2)  [kәn'klu:siv] adj. 确实的, 最后的, 决定性的
rebound (2)  [ri'baund] n. 回弹 v. 回弹
underlying (2)  ['ʌndә'laiiŋ] adj. 在下面的, 根本的, 潜在的, [商]优先的

[1042]There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

anecdote (2)  ['ænikdәut] n. 轶事, 奇闻
leap (2)  [li:p] v. 跳, 跳越, 跳跃 n. 跳跃, 飞跃
treasury (2)  ['treʒәri] n. 财政部, 国库

[1043]New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

contribution (2)  [ˏkɔntri'bju:ʃәn] n. 捐献, 贡献, 投稿
joint (2)  [dʒɔint] n. 接缝, 接合处, 接合点, 关节, (牛、羊等的腿)大块肉 adj. 共同的, 联合的, 连接的, 合办的 vt. 连接, 接合, 使有接头 vi. 贴合, 生节
machinery (2)  [mә'ʃi:nәri] n. [总称] 机器, 机械
organize (4)  ['ɔ:gәnaiz] vt. 组织, 使有机化, 给予生机 vi. 组织起来

[1044]Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

profitable (1) adj. 有利可图的

[1045]Two other explanations are more speculative.

speculative (1) ['spekjulәtiv, -leit-] adj. 投机的

[1046]First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done.

ineptly (1) adv. 不适当地, 无能地
restructuring (1)

[1047]Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude.

bakery (1)  ['beikәri] n. 面包店
cafe (1)  ['kæfei; (US) kæ'fei] n. 咖啡馆, 小餐馆
chain (1)  [tʃein] n. 链(条),镣铐, 一连串, 一系列 vt. 用链条拴住

[1048]His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.

chop (2)  [tʃɔp] n. 砍, 排骨, 官印, 商标 vt. 剁碎, 砍, (风浪)突变
mechanistic (4)  [ˏmekә'nistik] adj. 机械论学说的, 机械论的
profitability (2)  [ˏprɔfitә'biliti] n. 收益性, 利益率

[1049]BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter.

blunter (1)

[1050]He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish — "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".

rubbish (1) ['rʌbiʃ] n. 垃圾, 废物, 废话

[1051]Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.

uneasy (1) [ʌn'i:zi] adj. 心神不安的, 不自在的, 不稳定的, 不舒服的 adv. 心神不安地, 不自在地, 不稳定地

[1052]Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.

rebel (2)  ['rebәl] n. 造反者, 叛逆者, 反抗者, 叛乱者 adj. 造反的, 叛逆的, 反抗的 v. 造反, 反叛, 反抗, 叛乱
trial (3)  ['traiәl] n. 试验, 考验, 审讯, 审判
worldview (3)

[1053]The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

deepen (1)  ['di:pәn] v. 加深, 深化
humanities (1)  人文学科
schism (1)  ['sizәm] n. (政治组织等的)分裂, 教派

[1054]As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

mathematician (1) [ˏmæθimә'tiʃәn] n. 数学家

[1055]Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.

assemble (4) [ә'sembl] vt. 集合, 聚集, 装配 vi. 集合
flight (3) [flait] n. 飞行, 逃走, 飞跃, 飞机的航程, 班机, 追逐, 楼梯的一段, 射程 vi. 成群飞行, 迁徙 vt. 射击(飞禽), 使惊飞

[1056]Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity.

fault (1) [fɔ:lt] n. 过错, 缺点, 故障, 毛病 vt. 挑剔 vi. 弄错
objectivity (1) [ˏɔbdʒek'tivәti] n. 客观性, 客观现实

[1057]Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

contradict (1)  [kɔntrә'dikt] vt. 同...矛盾, 同...抵触
creationism (4)  [kri:'eiʃәnizәm] n. 创造宇宙说, 特别创造说
ghost (1)  [gәust] n. 鬼, 幽灵

[1058]A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

decrease (2)  [di:'kri:s] n. 减少, 减少之量 v. 减少
elimination (2)  [iˏlimi'neiʃәn] n. 排除, 除去, 消除, 消灭
smallpox (2)  ['smɔ:lpɔks] n. [医]天花
tag (2)  [tæg] n. 标签, 鞋带、绳子等末端的金属物, 垂下物, 附属物, 名称, 标记符, 陈词滥调, 结束语 vt. 加标签于, 紧随, 添饰, 起浑名, 连接 vi. 紧随
virus (2)  ['vaiәrәs] n. [微]病毒, 滤过性微生物, 毒害, 恶毒

[1059]Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.

dispute (5)  [dis'pju:t] v. 争论, 辩论, 怀疑, 抗拒, 阻止, 争夺(土地,胜利等) n. 争论, 辩论, 争吵
manifesto (2)  [ˏmæni'festәu] n. 宣言, 声明
scorn (2)  [skɔ:n] n. 轻蔑, 嘲笑, 被叱责的人 vt. 轻蔑, 不屑做
utopia (2)

[1060]But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

environmentalist (2) [inˏvaiәrәn'mentlist] n. 环境保护论者, 环境论者, 环境论信奉者

[1061]The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

depletion (2)  [di'pli:ʃәn] n. 损耗
enemy (2)  ['enimi] n. 敌人, 仇敌, [集合名词]敌军, [喻]大敌 adj. 敌人的, 敌方的
layer (4)  ['leiә] n. 层, 阶层
ozone (2)  ['әuzәun, әu'z-] n. 新鲜的空气, [化]臭氧

[1062]Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.

epithet (1) ['epiθet] n. 绰号, 称号

[1063]"They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."

enlighten (1) [in'laitn] vt. 启发, 启蒙, 教导, 授予...知识, 开导, <古>照耀

[1064]Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

census (4)  ['sensәs] n. 人口普查
regional (2)  ['ri:dʒәn(ә)l] adj. 整个地区的, 地方地, 地域性地
standstill (2)  ['stændstil] n. 停止, 停顿

[1065]This development — and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

counting (2)  ['kauntiŋ] n. 计算
densely (2)  adv. 浓密地, 浓厚地
enthrone (2)  [in'θrәun] vt. 立...为王, 使登基, 任为主教, 崇拜 vi. 热心
populated (2)

[1066]Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people — numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.

numerically (1) 用数字, 在数字上

[1067]Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.

migrate (2)  [mai'greit, 'maigreit] vi. 移动, 移往, 移植, 随季节而移居, (鸟类的)迁徙 vt. 使移居, 使移植
south (2)  [sauθ] n. 南部, 南 adj. 南的, 南方的 adv. 在南方, 向南方
west (2)  [west] n. 西方, 西部 adj. 西的, 西方的 adv. 向西方

[1068]Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.

belt (2) [belt] n. 带子, 地带
snow (2) [snәu] n. 雪 vi. 下雪

[1069]Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.

nonstop (2) ['nɔn'stɔp] adj. 不断的
yesterday (2) ['jestәdi] n. 昨天 adv. 昨天

[1070]Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too.

demographer (1) [di:'mɔgrәfә(r)] n. 人口统计学家

[1071]Some instances — ● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate — 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.

regionally (1) ['ri:dʒәnәli] adv. 地方的, 地域性的

[1072]Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people — about 9 per square mile.

compose (1)  [kәm'pәuz] v. 组成, 写作, 排字, (使)安定, 调解
mile (1)  [mail] n. 英里, 较大的距离
square (1)  [skwєә] n. 正方形, 广场, 平方, 直角尺 adj. 正方形的, 四方的, 直角的, 正直的, 公平的, 结清的, 平方的, 彻底的 adv. 成直角地, 正直地, 公平地, 坚定地 v. 使成方形, 弄平, 使直, 与...一致, 符合, 自乘, 结算

[1073]The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.

bearable (1)  ['bєәrәbl] adj. 可忍受的, 支持得住的
climate (3)  ['klaimit] n. 气候, 风土, 思潮
migration (1)  [mai'greiʃәn] n. 移民, 移植, 移往, 移动

[1074]Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

dramatize (1) ['dræmәtaiz] vt. 改编成为戏剧, 编写剧本 vi. 戏剧地表现
spacious (1) ['speiʃәs] adj. 广大的, 大规模的

[1075]Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

cold (2)  [kәuld] n. 寒冷, [物]零下温度, 伤风, 感冒 adj. 寒冷的, 使人战栗的, 冷淡的, 不热情的, 失去知觉的
plague (2)  [pleig] n. 瘟疫, 麻烦, 苦恼, 灾祸 vt. 折磨, 使苦恼, 使得灾祸
smog (2)  [smɔg] n. 烟雾
urbanization (2)  [ˏә:bәnai'zeiʃәn] n. 都市化, 文雅化

[1076]As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent — little more than two-thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

considerably (2) [kәn'sidәrәbәli] adv. 相当地

[1077]Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.

globe (2)  [glәub] n. 球体, 地球仪, 地球, 世界
scatter (2)  ['skætә] v. 分散, 散开, 撒开, 驱散
spot (9)  [spɔt] n. 班点, 污点, 地点, 场所, 现场 v. 沾污, 弄脏, 侦察 vt. 认出, 发现
volcanic (2)  [vɔl'kænik] adj. 火山的, 象火山的, 猛烈的, 易突然发作的, 爆发的 n. 火山岩

[1078]Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

boundary (2)  ['baundәri] n. 边界, 分界线
drift (4)  [drift] n. 冲洗, 漂流物, 观望, 漂流 v. (使)漂流
interior (4)  [in'tiәriә] adj. 内部的, 内的 n. 内部
volcano (3)  [vɔl'keinәu] n. 火山

[1079]Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes.

trail (3) [treil] n. 踪迹, 痕迹, 形迹 vt. 跟踪, 追踪, 拉, 拖, 拖拉, (指植物)蔓生, 蔓延, (指人)没精打采地走

[1080]The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

milestone (1) ['mailstәun] n. 里程碑, 里程标, 重要事件, 转折点
passage (3) ['pæsidʒ] n. 通过, 经过, 通道, 通路, (一)段, (一)节

[1081]Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.

floor (1) [flɔ:, flɔә] n. (房间, 走廊等的)地面, 地板, 基底, (室内的)场地, 层, 海底, 议员席 vt. 在...上铺(地板), 击倒, (被困难)难倒

[1082]The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.

coastline (2) ['kәustlain] n. 海岸线
continent (11) ['kɔntinәnt] n. 大陆, 陆地

[1083]The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.

construct (2) [kәn'strʌkt] vt. 建造, 构造, 创立
readily (3) ['redili] adv. 乐意地, 欣然, 容易地

[1084]It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.

stationary (3) ['steiʃ(ә)nәri] 固定的

[1085]Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question.

instrument (1) ['instrumәnt] n. 工具, 手段, 器械, 器具, 手段

[1086]The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.

confine (3) ['kɔnfain] vt. 限制, 禁闭 n. 界限, 边界

[1087]It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.

geophysical (1) [ˏdʒi:әu'fizikәl] adj. 地球物理学的
propel (1) [prә'pel] vt. 推进, 驱使

[1088]When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome.

continental (1) [ˏkɔnti'nentl] adj. 大陆的, 大陆性的 n. 欧洲人
dome (3) [dәum] n. 圆屋顶

[1089]As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks): in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

crack (4)  [kræk] n. 裂缝, 噼啪声 v. (使)破裂, 裂纹, (使)爆裂 adj. 最好的, 高明的
fissure (4)  ['fiʃә] n. 裂缝, 裂沟, (思想, 观点等的)分歧 v. (使)裂开, (使)分裂
formation (2)  [fɔ:'meiʃәn] n. 形成, 构成, 编队
initiate (4)  [i'niʃieit] vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起

[1090]Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

inconstancy (1)  [in'kɔnstәnsi] n. 反复无常
mobility (2)  [mәu'biliti] n. 活动性, 灵活性, 迁移率, 机动性
mutability (1)  [ˏmju:tә'biliti] n. 易变性, 性情不定

[1091]After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

final (3)  ['fainәl] n. 结局, 决赛, 期末考试, <口>报纸(在一天中)最晚版 adj. 最后的, 最终的, 决定性的
incurably (2)  adv. 治不好地, 不能矫正地
parliamentary (4)  [ˏpɑ:lә'mentәri] adj. 议会的

[1092]Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.

flash (5) [flæʃ] [计]Macromedia 公司开发的动画编辑工具 n. 闪光, 闪现, 一瞬间 vi. 闪光, 闪现, 反射, 使迅速传便 vt. 使闪光, 反射 adj. 闪光的, 火速的

[1093]Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia.

bulletin (1) ['bulitin] n. 公告, 报告

[1094]The full import may take a while to sink in.

sink (1) [siŋk] vi. 沉下, (使)下沉 n. 水槽, 水池接收器

[1095]Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.

bitterly (2)  ['bitәli] adv. 苦苦地, 悲痛的, 厉害的
breathe (2)  [bri:e] v. 呼吸, 发出
haste (2)  [heist] n. 匆忙, 急忙
sigh (2)  [sai] n. 叹息, 叹息声 vi. 叹息, 叹气

[1096]In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

euthanasia (2) [ˏju:θә'neiziә] n. 安乐死

[1097]In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

domino (1) ['dɔminәu] n. 骨牌, 多米诺骨牌, 面具, 带面罩及头巾的外衣
strength (3) [streŋθ] n. 力, 力量, 力气, 实力, 兵力, 浓度

[1098]Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering.

deadly (1)  ['dedli] adj. 致命的, 势不两立的, 死一般的, 极度的, 必定的
injection (1)  [in'dʒekʃәn] n. 注射, 注射剂, (毛细血管等的)充血, (人造卫星, 宇宙飞船等的)射入轨道
pill (1)  [pil] n. 药丸, 口服避孕药, 弹丸
territory (1)  ['teritәri] n. 领土, 版图, 地域

[1099]The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.

diagnose (1) ['daiәgnәuz] v. 诊断

[1100]For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.

breathing (1)  ['bri:eiŋ] n. 呼吸, 瞬间, 微风 adj. 呼吸的, 逼真的, 短暂的休息
haunting (1)  ['hɔ:ntiŋ] adj. 常浮现于脑海中的, 不易忘怀的
lung (2)  [lʌŋ] n. 肺, 呼吸器, 肺脏
terrifying (1)  极大的, 可怕的

[1101]"I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.

claw (1)  [klɔ:] n. 爪, 脚爪 v. 抓
hospital (1)  ['hɔspitl] n. 医院
mask (1)  [mɑ:sk] n. 面具, 掩饰, 石膏面像 vt. 戴面具, 掩饰, 使模糊 vi. 化装, 戴面具, 掩饰, 参加化装舞会
spiritual (1)  ['spiritjuәl] adj. 精神上的

[1102]A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.

courteous (2) ['kә:tjәs] adj. 有礼貌的, 谦恭的
helpful (4) ['helpful] adj. 有帮助的, 有用的, 有益的

[1103]To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.

best (1) [best] adj. 最好的 adv. 最好地, 最, 极 n. 最佳状态或作品, 最好的东西
north (1) [nɔ:θ] n. 北, 北方, 北部 adj. 北, 北方的 adv. 在北方, 向北方

[1104]Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.

driver (2)  ['draivә] n. 驾驶员 n. [计] 驱动器, 驱动程序 n. [机]起子, 主动轮, 传动器
rude (2)  [ru:d] adj. 粗鲁的, 无礼的, 猛烈的, 残暴的, 粗鲁无礼的
waiter (2)  ['weitә] n. 侍者, 服务员

[1105]Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

deserve (5) [di'zә:v] vt. 应受, 值得 v. 应受

[1106]For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.

dull (1) [dʌl] adj. 感觉或理解迟钝的, 无趣的, 呆滞的, 阴暗的 vt. 使迟钝, 使阴暗, 缓和 vi. 变迟钝, 减少
traveler (6) ['trævlә] 旅行者,旅游者

[1107]Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.

distant (4)  ['distәnt] adj. 远的, 关系远的(亲戚), 疏远的, 间隔的, 冷漠的
dullness (1)  ['dʌlnis] 钝度, 迟钝
loneliness (1)  ['lәunliniz] n. 孤独, 寂寞

[1108]Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.

diversion (2) [dai'vә:ʃәn] n. 转移, 转换, 牵制, 解闷, 娱乐
stranger (5) ['streindʒә] n. 陌生人, 门外汉

[1109]The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.

frontier (1) ['frʌntjә] n. 国境, 边疆, 边境

[1110]Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

cabin (2)  ['kæbin] n. 小屋, 船舱
hungry (2)  ['hʌŋgri] adj. 饥饿的, 渴望的, 荒年的, 不毛的
injured (2)  ['indʒәd] adj. 受伤的,受损害的,受委屈的
settlement (2)  ['setlmәnt] n. 沉降, 解决, 结算, 殖民, 殖民地

[1111]It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.

charitable (3) ['tʃæritәbl] adj. 仁慈的, (为)慈善事业的,宽恕的

[1112]It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.

harshness (1) n. 粗糙的事物, 严肃, 刺耳

[1113]Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler.

weary (1) ['wiәri] adj. 疲倦的, 厌倦的, 令人厌烦的, 疲劳 v. 疲倦, 厌倦, 厌烦

[1114]"I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing."

dinner (2) ['dinә] n. 正餐, 宴会

[1115]Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly.

uncommon (1) ['ʌn'kɔmәn] adj. 不凡的, 罕有的, 难得的

[1116]The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

friendliness (2)  n. 友谊, 友善, 亲切, 亲密
historically (3)  在历史上, 从历史观点上说
superficial (2)  [sju:pә'fiʃәl] adj. 表面的, 肤浅的, 浅薄的

[1117]As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

developed (2)
interrelationship (2) 相互关系[联系, 影响], 干扰

[1118]Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.

meaning (3) ['mi:niŋ] n. 意义, 含意, 意图, [逻]内涵 adj. 意味深长的

[1119]It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.

distinguish (1) [dis'tiŋgwiʃ] v. 区别, 辨别

[1120]Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.

neighbor (1) ['neibә] n. <美> 邻居, 邻国
virtue (3) ['vә:tju:] n. 德行, 美德, 贞操, 优点, 功效, 效力, 英勇

[1121]Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.

alter (4)  ['ɔ:ltә] v. 改变
bodily (1)  ['bɔdili] adj. 身体的 adv. 肉体上, 亲自地, 全部
substance (23)  ['sʌbstәns] n. 物质, 实质, 主旨

[1122]Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.

addict (1) [ә'dikt] vt. 使沉溺, 使上瘾 n. 入迷的人, 有瘾的人
mistakenly (1) adv. 错误地, 曲解地

[1123]They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.

alcohol (3) ['ælkәhɔl] n. 酒精, 酒
tobacco (3) [tә'bækәu] n. 烟草, 烟草制品, 抽烟

[1124]This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.

neutral (1) ['nju:trәl] n. 中立者, 中立国, 非彩色, 齿轮的空档 adj. 中立的, 中立国的, 中性的, 无确定性质的, (颜色等)不确定的

[1125]The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

cocaine (2)  [kә'kein] n. 古柯碱,可卡因
harmfully (2)  adv. 伤害地, 有害地
heroin (2)  ['herәuin] n. 海洛因, 吗啡
misuse (3)  ['mis'ju:z] v. 误用, 错用, 滥用, 虐待 n. 误用, 错用, 滥用, 误用之实例

[1126]We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

aspirin (2)  ['æspәrin] n. 阿斯匹林(解热镇痛药), 乙酰水杨酸
coffee (2)  ['kɔfi] n. 咖啡, 咖啡树, 咖啡茶, 咖啡豆, 咖啡色
headache (2)  ['hedeik] n. 头痛, 令人头痛之事
medicinal (2)  [me'disinәl] adj. 医学的, 药的, 有益的, 有帮助的
sociable (2)  ['sәuʃәbl] adj. 好交际的, 友善的, 增进友谊的, 喜欢群居的
wine (2)  [wain] n. 葡萄酒, 酒

[1127]When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?

constructive (1) [kәn'strʌktiv] adj. 建设性的
socially (1) ['sәuʃәli] adv. 在社交方面, 善于交际地, 在社会地位上, 在全社会中

[1128]First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.

distortion (3)  [dis'tɔ:ʃәn] n. 扭曲, 变形, 曲解, 失真
perceptual (1)  [pә'septjuәl] adj. 知觉的, 有知觉的
poisoning (1)  ['pɔizniŋ] n. 中毒

[1129]Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.

addiction (1) [ә'dikʃәn] n. 沉溺, 上瘾
dependence (3) [di'pendәns] n. 依靠, 依赖, 信任, 信赖

[1130]Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

discontinue (2)  ['diskәn'tinju(:)] v. 停止, 废止, 放弃
marked (2)  [mɑ:kt] adj. 有记号的, 显著的
tolerance (2)  ['tɔlәrәns] n. 公差, 宽容, 忍受, 容忍, (食物中残存杀虫剂的)(法定)容许量 vt. 给(机器部件等)规定公差
unpleasant (4)  [ʌn'pleznt] adj. 使人不愉快的, 讨厌的
withdrawal (2)  [wie'drɔ:әl] n. 收回, 撤退, 退回, 取消, 退隐, 停止服药, 退股

[1131]Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.

psychoactive (3) [ˏsaikәu'æktiv] adj. 作用于精神的,影响(或改变)心理状态的

[1132]Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.

depressant (3)  [di'presәnt] adj. 有镇静作用的 n. 镇静剂
hallucinogen (3)  [hәlu:'sinәdʒәn] n. 迷幻剂
stimulant (3)  ['stimjulәnt] n. 刺激物

[1133]Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.

activate (2) ['æktiveit] vt. 刺激, 使活动 vi. 有活力

[1134]Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.

distort (1) [dis'tɔ:t] vt. 弄歪(嘴脸等), 扭曲, 歪曲(真理、事实等), 误报
hallucination (1) [hәlu:si'neiʃәn] n. 幻觉, 幻想

[1135]These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.

consciousness (1) ['kɔnʃәsnis] n. 意识, 知觉, 自觉, 觉悟, 个人思想
psychedelic (1) [ˏsaiki'delik] adj. 起幻觉的, 迷幻的 n. 迷幻剂

[1136]"Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?"

accomplish (2) [ә'kɔmpliʃ] vt. 完成, 达到, 实现

[1137]"You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"

corrupt (2) [kә'rʌpt] adj. 腐败的, 贪污的, 被破坏的, 混浊的, (语法)误用的 vt. 使腐烂, 腐蚀, 使恶化 vi. 腐烂, 堕落

[1138]At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.

manifestation (1) [ˏmænifes'teiʃәn] n. 显示, 表现, 示威运动

[1139]On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close.

cable (1) ['keibl] n. 电缆, 海底电报, 缆, 索 v. 打(海底)电报
mountainous (1) ['mauntinәs] adj. 多山的, 山一般的, 巨大的

[1140]He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

impatiently (1) adv. 无耐性地
restructure (1) [ri'strʌktʃә] vt. 更改结构, 重建构造, 调整, 改组

[1141]The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.

flap (2) [flæp] n. 拍打, 拍打声, 副翼 v. 拍打, 鼓翼而飞, 飘动, 拉下(帽)的边, 扔, 掷
rap (8) [ræp] n. 叩击, 轻拍, 轻敲, 斥责 vt. 敲, 拍, 打, 厉声说出, 斥责, 使着迷 vi. 敲击, 交谈 abbr. [军] Rocket Assisted Projectile, 火箭助推炮弹

[1142]In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet.

cop (1)  [kɔp] n. 警官, 巡警, [纺]管纱 vt. 抓住
fire (1)  ['faiә] n. 火, 炉火, 火灾, 失火, 闪光, 炮火, 热情, 激情 vt. 点燃, 烧制, 使发光, 给(炉子等)加燃料, 放枪, 激动, <口>解雇 vi. 开枪, 射击, 着火, 烧火, 激动
killer (1)  ['kilә] n. 杀手, 凶手, 杀人魔
lawful (1)  ['lɔ:fәl] adj. 法律许可的, 守法的, 受自然规律支配的
song (1)  [sɔŋ] n. 歌, 歌曲
violent (1)  ['vaiәlәnt] adj. 猛烈的, 激烈的, 暴力引起的, 强暴的

[1143]"The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.

disputable (2)  [dis'pju:tәbl] adj. 有讨论余地的, 真假可疑的
irritating (2)  ['iriˏteitiŋ] adj. 使愤怒的, 刺激的, 气人的
latitude (2)  ['lætitju:d] n. 纬度, 范围, (用复数)地区, 行动或言论的自由(范围)

[1144]During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting.

discussion (2)  [dis'kʌʃәn] n. 讨论
singing (2)  ['siŋiŋ] n. 歌唱, 歌声
stockholder (2)  ['stɔkhәuldә(r)] n. 股东
verse (2)  [vә:s] n. 韵文, 诗, 诗节, 诗句, 诗篇

[1145]Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

cite (2) [sait] vt. 引用, 引证, 提名表扬

[1146]But he talked as well about the "balanced struggle" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

balanced (1)  ['bælәnst] adj. 平稳的,安定的, XX的
labeling (1)
objectionable (1)  [әb'dʒekʃәnәbl] adj. 引起反对的, 讨厌的
potentially (1)  adv. 潜在地

[1147]The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.

supportive (1) [sә'pɔ:tiv] adj. 支持的，支援的

[1148]But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter.

insider (1) [in'saidә(r)] n. 内部的人, 会员, 知道内情的人, 权威人士

[1149]"Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited," says Luce.

totally (3) ['tɔt(ә)li] adv. 完全地, 整全地
unlimited (1) [ʌn'limitid] adj. 无限的, 无约束的

[1150]Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science.

brake (2)  [breik] n. 闸, 刹车 v. 刹车
landing (2)  ['lændiŋ] n. 登陆, 着陆, 码头, 楼梯平台, 降落
monetary (4)  ['mʌnitәri] adj. 货币的, 金钱的
precise (2)  [pri'sais] adj. 精确的, 准确的 n. 精确
soft (2)  [sɔft] adj. 软的, 柔软的, 温和的, 温柔的, 不含酒精的 n. 软件

[1151]Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.

blacken (2)  ['blækәn] v. 使变黑, 诽谤变黑
faulty (2)  ['fɔ:lti] adj. 有过失的, 有缺点的, 不完美的, 不完善的
liken (2)  ['laikәn] vt. 把...比作
mirror (4)  ['mirә] n. 镜子, 真实反映情况的东西, 典范 vt. 反映, 映出 n. DOS命令：在磁盘安全区域存贮根目录和文件分配表
steering (2)  ['stiәriŋ] n. 操纵, 掌舵, 指导
wheel (6)  [wi:l, hw-] n. 轮, 车轮, 轮子
windscreen (2)  ['windskri:n] n. 风档玻璃

[1152]Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.

boast (1) [bәust] n. 自夸, 值得夸耀的事物 v. 自夸, 以有...而自豪boast about v. 自夸

[1153]Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.

slightly (1) ['slaitli] adv. 些微地, 苗条地

[1154]It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.

forecaster (1) ['fɔ:kɑ:stә] n. 预报员

[1155]In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995.

poll (1) [pәul] n. 选举之投票, 民意测验 v. 投票, 获得选票, 选举中获得

[1156]In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.

percentage (1) [pә'sentidʒ] n. 百分数, 百分率, 百分比

[1157]This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.

pan (2) [pæn] n. 平底锅, 盘子, 面板

[1158]Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.

favourable (1) ['feiәrәbl] adj. 赞成的, 称许的, 有利的, 顺利的 n. 有利
slack (2) [slæk] n. 松弛, 静止, 淡季, 闲散, 家常裤 adj. 松弛的, 不流畅的, 疏忽的, 软弱的, 漏水的, 呆滞的, 懒散的 adv. 马虎地, 缓慢地 vt. 使松弛, 使缓慢, 马虎从事 vi. 松懈, 减弱, 松驰

[1159]America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

jobless (1) ['dʒɔblis] n. 失业者 adj. 失业的, 无业的
utilisation (1) [ˏju:tilai'zeiʃɚn;-li'z-] n. <主英>=utilization

[1160]Why has inflation proved so mild?

mild (1) [maild] adj. 温和的, 温柔的, 淡味的, 轻微的, 适度的, 不含有害物质的的

[1161]The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.

defective (2) [di'fektiv] adj. 有缺陷的, (智商或行为有)欠缺的 n. 有缺陷的人, 不完全变化动词
thrilling (2) ['θriliŋ] adj. 毛骨悚然的, 颤动的, 发抖的

[1162]Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

historical (2) [his'tɔrikәl] adj. 历史(上)的, 有关历史的
upend (2) [ʌp'end] v. 颠倒, 倒放

[1163]Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."

elder (2) ['eldә(r)] n. 年长者, 老人, 父辈 adj. 年长的, 资格老的

[1164]You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.

blueprint (9) ['blu:ˏprint] n. 蓝图, 设计图, 计划 vt. 制成蓝图, 计划

[1165]If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.

cook (1) [kuk] n. 厨师 v. 烹调, 煮, 伪造
menu (1) ['menju:] n. 菜单

[1166]Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself.

sheet (1) [ʃi:t] n. (一)片, (一)张, 薄片, 被单, 被褥
yourself (3) [jɔ:'self, juә-, jә-] pron. 你自己

[1167]In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.

intelligently (1) adv. 聪明地

[1168]This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references.

sketch (1) [sketʃ] n. 略图, 草图, 概略, 梗概, 草图, 拟定 vi. 绘略图, 素描 v. 勾画

[1169]It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.

blank (1) [blæŋk] adj. 空白的, 空着的, 失色的, 没有表情的 n. 空白, <美> 表格

[1170]While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

connected (2)  [kә'nektid] v. 连接 vbl. 连接
orderly (2)  ['ɔ:dәli] adj. 有秩序的, 整齐的, 整洁的 n. 传令兵, 勤务兵 adv. 依次地, 顺序地
reasonably (2)  ['ri:zәnәbli] adv. 适度地, 相当地
wares (2)

[1171]When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.

carefully (2) ['keәfuli] adv. 小心地, 谨慎地
tangible (2) ['tændʒәbl] adj. 切实的

[1172]Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement.

ear (1) [iә] n. 耳朵, 倾听, 听觉, 听力, 穗 vi. 抽穗
judgement (1) ['dʒʌdʒmәnt] n. 审判, 判决, 判断力, 意见, 看法, 评价

[1173]With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.

listen (1) ['lisn] vi. 听, 听从 v. 听, 收听
viewer (6) ['vju:ә] n. 电视观众,阅读器

[1174]And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station.

channel (4)  ['tʃænl] n. 海峡, 水道, 沟, 路线 vt. 引导, 开导, 形成河道信道,频道
radio (4)  ['reidiәu] n. <美>无线电通信, 无线电接收装置, 无线电广播设备 v. 用无线电发送
tune (1)  [tju:n] n. 曲调, 调子, XX, 合调 vt. 调音, 调整, 拨收, 收听, 知道或察觉他人所说的话或表现的情绪

[1175]They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

affair (2)  [ә'fєә] n. 事务, 事件, 私事, 恋爱事件, (尤指关系不长久的)风流韵事
comedy (2)  ['kɔmidi] n. 喜剧, 喜剧性的事情
drama (2)  ['drɑ:mә] n. (在舞台上演的)戏剧, 戏剧艺术
fee (2)  [fi:] n. 费(会费、学费等), 酬金
licence (3)  ['laisәns] n. 执照, 许可证, 特许 vt. 许可, 特许, 认可, 发给执照
programme (5)  ['prәugræm] n. v.=program 程序, 编程

[1176]It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt.

remarkable (3) [ri'mɑ:kәbl] adj. 不平常的, 非凡的, 值得注意的, 显著的
stretch (1) [stretʃ] v. 伸展, 伸长 n. 一段时间, 一段路程, 伸展

[1177]The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

broadcasting (3) ['brɔ:dˏkɑ:stiŋ] n. 广播
organisation (4) [ˏɔ: gәnaizeiʃɚn; - ni'z-] n. <主英> = organization

[1178]The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

ordinary (4) ['ɔ:dinәri] adj. 平常的, 普通的, 平凡的 n. [律] 推事, <英>[宗]罪犯的忏悔牧师

[1179]The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.

royal (1) ['rɔiәl] adj. 王室的, 皇家的, 第一流的, 高贵的

[1180]Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan.

fond (1) [fɔnd] adj. [只作表语]喜爱的, 多情的, 喜欢的, 宠爱的, 温柔的
slogan (1) ['slәugәn] n. 口号, 标语

[1181]The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

distinct (2) [dis'tiŋkt] adj. 清楚的, 明显的, 截然不同的, 独特的

[1182]But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

funded (2)
subscription (2) [sʌb'skripʃәn] n. 捐献, 订金, 订阅, 签署, 同意, [医]下标处方

[1183]In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines.

enlarge (1) [in'lɑ:dʒ] v. 扩大, 放大
labour (4) ['leibә(r)] n. 劳动, 劳力, 劳工, 努力, 分娩, 工作 v. 劳动, 苦干, 费力地前进, 分娩, 工作, 悉心完成

[1184]Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.

bureaucracy (1) [bjuә'rɔkrәsi] n. 官僚, 官僚作风, 官僚机构
salaried (1) ['sælәrid] adj. 支领薪俸的, 有薪水的

[1185]The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

efficiency (2) [i'fiʃәnsi] n. 效率, 功效
spoil (2) [spɔil] vt. 损坏, 搞糟, 宠坏, 溺爱 v. 扰乱

[1186]It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.

collectivism (1) [kә'lektivizәm] n. 集体主义
municipal (2) [mju(:)'nisipәl] adj. 市政的, 市立的, 地方性的, 地方自治的

[1187]At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.

lighting (1)  ['laitiŋ] n. 照明, 照明设备, 舞台灯光, 点火
municipality (1)  [mju:ˏnisi'pæliti] n. 市政当局, 自治市
taxpayer (1)  ['tæksˏpeiә] n. 纳税人, 所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物
tram (1)  [træm] n. 有轨电车, 电车轨道, 煤车, 吊车 v. 乘电车

[1188]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

detach (4)  [di'tætʃ] vt. 分开, 分离, 分遣, 派遣(军队)
greatly (2)  ['greitli] adv. 很, 非常
impersonal (2)  [im'pә:sәnl] adj. 非个人的
irresponsible (2)  [ˏiris'pɔnsәbl] adj. 不负责任的, 不可靠的
landowner (2)  ['lændәunә(r)] n. 地主, 土地所有者
manipulation (2)  [mәˏnipju'leiʃәn] n. 处理, 操作, 操纵, 被操纵

[1189]All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation.

enrich (1) [in'ritʃ] vt. 使富足, 使肥沃, 装饰, 加料于, 浓缩
industrialisation (1) n. 工业化

[1190]Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

dictate (2)  [dik'teit] v. 口述, 口授, 使听写, 指令, 指示, 命令, 规定 n. 指示(指理智,变心)
dividend (2)  ['dividend] n. 被除数, 股息, 红利, 额外津贴, 奖金, 年息
occasionally (2)  [ә'keiʒәnәli] adv. 有时候, 偶而
relation (7)  [ri'leiʃәn] n. 关系, 联系, 叙述, 故事, 亲戚
retire (2)  [ri'taiә] vi. 退休, 引退, 退却, 撤退, 就寝
spring (2)  [spriŋ] n. 春天, 跃起, 泉, 弹簧, 发条, 弹性, 弹力, 根源 v. 跳, 跃, 跃出, 使跳跃, 使爆炸, 触发

[1191]On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.

civilization (1)  [ˏsivilai'zeiʃɚn;-li'z-] n. 文明, 文化, 文明社会文明, 一个著名游戏的名称
leisure (1)  ['leʒә; 'li:ʒә] n. 空闲, 闲暇, 悠闲, 安逸
shareholding (1)  ['ʃeәˏhәuldiŋ] n. 股权

[1192]The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.

workman (7) ['wә:kmәn] n. 工人, 工匠, 男工

[1193]The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

patriarchal (2) [ˏpeitri'ɑ:kәl] adj. 家长的, 族长的
seldom (2) ['seldәm] adv. 很少, 不常

[1194]Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.

render (1) ['rendә] vt. 呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施 vi. 给予补偿 n. 交纳, 粉刷, 打底

[1195]The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

discipline (2)  ['disiplin] n. 纪律, 学科 v. 训练
lockout (1)  ['lɔkaut] n. 停工(业主为抵制工人的要求而停工)
negotiation (1)  [niˏgәuʃi'eiʃәn] n. 商议, 谈判, 流通

[1196]What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America — breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?

breakthrough (1)  ['breik'θru:] n. 突破
outburst (1)  ['autbә:st] n. (火山、感情等)爆发、喷出, 突发, 破裂
steamboat (1)  ['sti:mbәut] n. 汽船, 轮船
telegraph (1)  ['teligrɑ:f] n. 电报机, 电报 v. 打电报, 发电报, 打电报说
weave (1)  [wi:v] n. 编法, 织法, 编织 vt. 编织, 组合, 编排, 使迂回前进 vi. 纺织, 迂回行进, 摇晃 n. 织法, 织物

[1197]Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

elementary (3)  [ˏeli'mentәri] adj. 初步的, 基本的, [化]元素的, 自然力的
excellent (2)  ['eksәlәnt] adj. 卓越的, 极好的
genius (3)  ['dʒi:njәs] n. 天才, 天赋, 天才人物
nonverbal (6)  ['nɔn'vә:bәl] adj. 不用动词的, 不用语言的
premium (6)  ['primjәm] n. 额外费用, 奖金, 奖赏, 保险费, (货币兑现的)贴水
shaping (2)  ['ʃeipiŋ] 修整(的)
spatial (4)  ['speiʃәl] adj. 空间的

[1198]Why mention the elementary schools?

mention (1) ['menʃәn] vt. 提及, 说起 n. 提及, 说起 v. 论及, 提及

[1199]Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

arithmetic (1)  [ә'riθmәtik] n. 算术, 算法
geometry (1)  [dʒi'ɔmitri] n. 几何学
literate (1)  ['litәrit] n. 学者 adj. 有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的
mechanic (3)  [mi'kænik] n. 技工, 机修工, 机械士
trigonometry (1)  [trigә'nɔmitri] n. 三角法

[1200]Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.

acute (2) [ә'kju:t] adj. 敏锐的, [医]急性的, 剧烈
inventiveness (2) 有发明创造能力独创性独创能力

[1201]As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."

commission (1) [kә'miʃәn] n. 委任, 委托, 代办(权), 代理(权), 犯(罪), 佣金 vt. 委任, 任命, 委托, 委托制作, 使服役
thorough (1) ['θʌrә] adj. 十分的, 彻底的

[1202]A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.

precede (2) [pri(:)'si:d] v. 领先(于), 在...之前, 先于
stimulus (2) ['stimjulәs] n. 刺激物, 促进因素, 刺激, 刺激

[1203]This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

abroad (3)  [ә'brɔ:d] adv. 往国外, 到处, 海外, 广泛, 差得远, 心里没有谱
medal (1)  ['medl] n. 奖章, 勋章, 纪念章 v. 授予...奖章
originate (1)  [ә'ridʒineit] vt. 引起, 发明, 发起, 创办 vi. 起源, 发生
prize (1)  [praiz] n. 奖赏, 奖金, 奖品, 捕获, 捕获物, 战利品 adj. 得奖的 vt. 珍视, 估价, 捕获, 撬, 撬开

[1204]In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities.

device (3) [di'vais] n. 装置, 设计, 图案, 策略, 发明物, 设备 [计]安装设备驱动程序
multitude (3) ['mʌltitju:d] n. 多数, 群众

[1205]Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

beneficence (2)  [bi'nefisәns] n. 善行, 仁慈, 赠物 n. 行善,慈善,捐款,捐赠物
faith (2)  [feiθ] n. 信任, 信念, 宗教信仰, 忠实, 保证, 诺言, 约定
flock (2)  [flɔk] n. 羊群, (禽、畜等的)群, 大量, 众多 v. 聚结
renew (2)  [ri'nju:] vt. 使更新, 使恢复, 重申, 补充, 续借, 复兴 vi. 更新, 重新开始

[1206]As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process....

technologist (2) [tek'nɔlәdʒist] n. 技术专家, 工艺学家, 工艺人员
unambiguous (2) ['ʌnæm'bigjuәs] adj. 不含糊的, 明确的

[1207]The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."

designer (2) [di'zainә] n. 阴谋家,设计家,制图师

[1208]Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."

arrangement (2)  [ә'reindʒmәnt] n. 排列, 安排
etc (1)  adv. <拉>及其他, 等等
exhibition (2)  [ˏeksi'biʃәn] n. 表现, 展览会, 展览品, 显示
lever (2)  ['li:vә, 'levә] n. 杆, 杠杆, 控制杆 v. 抬起
screw (2)  [skru:] n. 螺丝钉, 螺旋, 螺杆, 螺孔, 螺旋桨, 吝啬鬼 vt. 调节, 旋, 加强, 压榨, 强迫, 鼓舞 vi. 转动, 旋, 拧
wedge (2)  [wedʒ] n. 楔 vt. 楔入, 楔进

[1209]When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking — interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation.

emulation (1) [ˏemju'leiʃɚn] n. 竞争, 效法
mainland (1) ['meinlәnd,-lænd] n. 大陆

[1210]Today that word implies mere imitation.

imitation (1) [imi'teiʃәn] n. 模仿, 效法, 冒充, 赝品, 仿造物

[1211]But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

fame (1) [feim] n. 名声, 名望, 传说, <古>传闻 vt. (常用被动语态)使闻名, 使有名望, 盛传

[1212]Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines.

pipeline (1) ['paipˏlain] n. 管道, 传递途径
rumor (1) ['ru:mә] n. 流言, 谣言, 传闻 vt. 谣传, 传闻

[1213]The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.

confused (2)  [kәn'fju:zd] adj. 困惑的, 烦恼的
unenlightened (2)  ['ʌnin'laitnd] adj. 无知的, 无偏见的, 不文明的, 落后的
universe (2)  ['ju:nivә:s] n. 宇宙, 世界, 万物, 领域

[1214]Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.

consistent (1)  [kәn'sistәnt] adj. 一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的
constantly (1)  ['kɔnstәntli] adv. 不变地, 经常地, 坚持不懈地
cosmology (1)  [kɔz'mɔlәdʒi] n. 宇宙哲学, 宇宙论
unify (1)  ['ju:nifai] vt. 统一, 使成一体

[1215]"Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.

whenever (2) [(h)wen'evә] conj. 无论何时, 随时 n. 只要

[1216]The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution.

chapter (4) ['tʃæptә] n. (书籍)章

[1217]At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.

creationist (6)

[1218]In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.

beating (2) ['bi:tiŋ] v. 挫败 n. 打, 敲打
glove (2) [glʌv] n. 手套 vt. 戴手套

[1219]He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

deception (2) [di'sepʃәn] n. 欺骗, 诡计
unfamiliar (3) ['ʌnfә'miljә] adj. 新奇的, 不熟悉的, 没有经验的

[1220]When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

christian (1)
motivation (1) [ˏmәuti'veiʃәn] n. 动机

[1221]Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.

clarity (1) ['klæriti] n. 清楚, 透明

[1222]On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself."

dust (2) [dʌst] n. 灰尘, 尘土, 尘埃 vt. 掸掉...上的灰尘, 撒糖于糕上
jacket (2) ['dʒækit] n. 短上衣, 夹克, (锅炉、水管等的)套, 书籍的封面套纸, 护封, 马铃薯皮 vt. 给...穿夹克, 给...装护套

[1223]It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

assist (2) [ә'sist] v. 援助, 帮助

[1224]By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.

enormously (1) [i'nɔ:mәsli] adv. 非常地, 巨大地

[1225]By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.

effective (1) [i'fektiv] adj. 有效的, 被实施的, 给人深刻印象, 有生力量

[1226]It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.

lower (3) ['lәuә] adj. 较低的, 下级的, 下等的, 下游的 vi. 降低, 跌落, 减弱 vt. 放下, 降下, 减弱, 贬低
tube (1) ['tju:b] n. 管, 管子, [英] 地铁, <美> 电子管, 显象管

[1227]Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

apart (2)  [ә'pɑ:t] adv. 分离, 分成零件, 分别地, 分离着 adj. 分开的
govern (2)  ['gʌvәn] v. 统治, 支配, 管理
regular (4)  ['regjulә] adj. 规则的, 有秩序的, 经常的, (花)整齐的, 常备军的, 等边的, 合格的, 定期的 n. 正规军, 正式队员 adv. 经常地 n. 正常体

[1228]He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.

inferior (1) [in'fiәriә] adj. 下等的, 下级的, 差的, 次的, 自卑的, 劣等的
mercifully (1) adv. 宽厚地, 仁慈地

[1229]If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

advertise (2) ['ædvәtaiz] v. 做广告, 登广告

[1230]He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.

excessively (1) [ik'sesivli] adv. 过分地, 非常地

[1231]If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.

colour (2)  ['kʌlә] n. <英>(=color)颜色, 气色, 风格, 外貌 vt. 把...涂颜色, 粉饰, 脸红, 歪曲 vi. 变色
shirt (2)  [ʃә:t] n. 衬衫, 衬衣
subtly (2)  adv. 敏锐地, 精细地, 巧妙地

[1232]People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured.

external (1) [eks'tә:nl] adj. 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的 n. 外部, 外面

[1233]The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

grade (4) [greid] n. 等级, 级别 vt. 评分, 评级 v. 分等级

[1234]By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.

contrast (1)  ['kɔntræst] vt. 使与...对比, 使与...对照 vi. 和...形成对照 n. 对比, 对照, (对照中的)差异
landmark (1)  ['lændmɑ:k] n. (航海)陆标, 地界标, 里程碑, 划时代的事
signpost (1)  ['sainpәust] n. 路标

[1235]The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.

obstacle (2) ['ɔbstәkl] n. 障碍, 妨害物

[1236]In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first.

willingness (2) n. 自动自发,积极肯干

[1237]Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious?

perceive (1) [pә'si:v] vt. 察觉 v. 感知, 感到, 认识到

[1238]Do we think we're shy and indecisive?

indecisive (1) [ˏ indi'saisiv] adj. 非决定性的
shy (1) [ʃai] adj. 怕羞的, 畏缩的, 害羞的

[1239]Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.

timidity (1) [ti'miditi] n. 胆怯

[1240]Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?

adapt (5) [ә'dæpt] vt. 使适应, 改编

[1241]Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

passive (1) ['pæsiv] adj. 被动的

[1242]These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.

unavoidable (1) ['ʌnә'vɔidәbl] adj. 不能避免的, 不可避免的, 不能取消的

[1243]If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow.

cease (2) [si:s] v. 停止, 终了
internal (2) [in'tә:nl] adj. 内在的, 国内的

[1244]We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

inside (2) ['in'said] n. 里面, 内部, 内脏, 内情 adj. 内部的, 秘密的, 于室内工作的 adv. 在里面 prep. 在...之内

[1245]In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.

complicate (3) ['kɔmplikeit] v. (使)变复杂
informational (1) adj. 报告的, 情报的

[1246]Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

advice (2) [әd'vais] n. 忠告, 建议, [商]通知

[1247]As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

informal (2)  [in'fɔ:mәl] adj. 不正式的, 不拘礼节的
reliable (3)  [ri'laiәbl] adj. 可靠的, 可信赖的
trustworthy (2)  ['trʌstˏwә:ei] adj. 可信赖的

[1248]Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

subconsciously (2)

[1249]Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.

stockpile (1) ['stɔkpail] n. 积蓄, 库存 vt. 储蓄, 贮存

[1250]The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

overwhelming (2) [ˏәuvә'welmiŋ] adj. 压倒性的, 无法抵抗的

[1251]Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.

quantity (1) ['kwɔntiti] n. 量, 数量
storage (5) ['stɔridʒ] n. 贮藏(量), 贮藏库, 存储

[1252]Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information.

locate (1) [lәu'keit] vt. 查找...的地点, 使...坐落于, 位于 v. 定位, 位于

[1253]Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.

instant (1) ['instәnt] adj. 立即的, 直接的, 紧迫的, 刻不容缓的, (食品)速溶的, 方便的, 即时的
occurrence (1) [ә'kʌrәns] n. 发生, 出现, 事件, 发生的事情

[1254]Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can the settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.

expertise (2)  [ˏekspә'ti:z] n. 专家的意见, 专门技术
participant (2)  [pɑ:'tisipәnt] n. 参与者, 共享者 adj. 参与的
teleconferencing (2)  [teli'kɔnfәrәnsiŋ] 电信会议

[1255]Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

facilitate (1) [fә'siliteit] vt. （不以人作主语的）使容易, 使便利, 推动, 帮助, 使容易, 促进
sharing (1) ['ʃєәriŋ] 分配, 均分, 共价, 共享, 共用

[1256]Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed.

accurate (1) ['ækjurit] adj. 正确的, 精确的

[1257]Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.

inherent (1) [in'hiәrәnt] adj. 固有的, 内在的, 与生俱来的

[1258]But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

profound (2) [prә'faund] adj. 深刻的, 意义深远的, 渊博的, 造诣深的

[1259]One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.

soak (2) [sәuk] v. 浸, 泡, 浸透 n. 浸透

[1260]The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.

clock (2) [klɔk] n. 时钟
passion (2) ['pæʃәn] n. 激情, 热情

[1261]Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"

conquer (1)  ['kɔŋkә] vt. 征服, 战胜, 占领, 克服(困难等), 破(坏习惯等)
keen (1)  [ki:n] adj. 锋利的, 敏锐的, 敏捷的, 热心的, 渴望的
marathon (1)  ['mærәθәn] n. [体]马拉松赛跑(全长42,1954米), 耐力的考验
runner (1)  ['rʌnә(r)] n. 奔跑者, 信使
seconds (1)

[1262]By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.

disproportionate (1) [ˏdisprә'pɔ:ʃәnit] adj. 不成比例

[1263]It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.

rare (1) [rєә] adj. 稀罕的, 杰出的, 珍贵的, (肉类)半熟的 adv. 非常

[1264]The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

positively (2) adv 断然地；肯定地
questionable (2) ['kwestʃәnәb(ә)l] adj. 可疑的

[1265]Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's.

youngster (1) ['jʌŋstә] n. 年青人, 少年

[1266]If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.

lessen (1) ['lesn] v. 减少, 减轻

[1267]Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.

caring (2)  adj. 人的，人道的有同情心的
chemistry (2)  ['kemistri] n. 化学
consideration (2)  [kәnsidә'reiʃәn] n. 体谅, 考虑, 需要考虑的事项, 报酬
sensitivity (2)  ['sensi'tiviti] n. 敏感, 灵敏(度), 灵敏性

[1268]It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock.

exclusively (1) [ik'sklu:sivli] adv. 排外地, 专有地

[1269]Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.

popularly (1) ['pɔpjulәli] adv. 一般地, 流行地, 通俗地, 大众地

[1270]Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.

piano (2) [pi'ɑ:nәu, 'pjɑ:-] n. 钢琴
poem (2) ['pәuim, 'pәuem] n. 诗, 象诗一样, 美丽的东西

[1271]Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

cross (1) [krɔs] n. 十字, 交叉, 十字架, 十字形物 adj. 交叉的, 相反的, 乖戾的 v. 使交叉, 横过, 勾划, 错过, 反对, 杂交

[1272]Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.

adaptive (6) [ә'dæptiv] adj. 适应的

[1273]Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief.

emotionally (1) adv. 在情绪上

[1274]Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

interpretation (2) [inˏtә:pri'teiʃәn] n. 解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译

[1275]Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration.

aid (1)  [eid] n. 帮助, 援助, 帮助者, 有帮助的事物 vt. 资助, 援助, 帮助
clue (1)  [klu:] n. 线索
duration (1)  [djuә'reiʃәn] n. 持续时间, 为期
infer (1)  [in'fә:] v. 推断
orientation (1)  [ˏɔ(:)rien'teiʃәn] n. 方向, 方位, 定位, 倾向性, 向东方

[1276]Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.

specifically (2) [spi'sifikәli] adv. 特定的, 明确的

[1277]In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).

adjustment (1)  [ә'dʒʌstmәnt] n. 调整, 调节, 调节器
input (1)  ['input] n. 输入 v. 输入
output (1)  ['autput] n. 产量, 输出, 输出量

[1278]Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

contemporary (1) [kәn'tempәrәri] n. 同时代的人 adj. 当代的, 同时代的
gross (1) [grәus] adj. 总的, 毛重的 n. 总额

[1279]The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

basically (2) ['beisikәli] adv. 基本上, 主要地

[1280]Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

maximize (4) ['mæksmaiz] vt. 取...最大值, 最佳化

[1281]An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.

mechanism (6) ['mekәnizәm] n. 机械装置, 机构, 机制
producer (2) [prә'dju:sә] n. 生产者, 制作者, 演出人, (电影)制片人

[1282]In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.

supplies (1)

[1283]In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

contract (2) ['kɔntrækt] n. 合同, 契约, 婚约 v. 使缩短, 感染, 订约

[1284]One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card.

card (2) [kɑ:d] n. 纸牌, 卡片
thirteen (1) ['θә:'ti:n] num. 十三

[1285]They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well.

automatic (2) [ˏɔ:tә'mætik] n. 自动机械 adj. 自动的, 无意识的, 机械的
owner (2) ['әunә] n. 所有者, 业主

[1286]More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open.

automatically (2)  [ɔ:tә'mætikli] adv. 自动地, 机械地
deposit (1)  [di'pɔzit] n. 堆积物, 沉淀物, 存款, 押金, 保证金, 存放物 vt. 存放, 堆积 vi. 沉淀
withdraw (1)  [wie'drɔ:] vt. 收回, 撤消 vi. 缩回, 退出 v. 撤退

[1287]For many of us, the "cashless society" is not on the horizon — it's already here.

cashless (1) ['kæʃlis] adj. 无现款的,无现金的,无钱的
horizon (1) [hә'raizn] n. 地平线 n. 地平(线),(知识,思想等的)范围,视野

[1288]While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too.

convenience (1) [kәn'vi:njәns] n. 便利, 方便, 有益, 有用的, 方便的用具、机械、安排等

[1289]Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales.

ring (2) [riŋ] n. 环, 环形物, 环状, 铃声, 声调, 打电话, 拳击场 vt. 包围, 套住, 按铃, 敲钟 vi. 成环形, 响, 鸣, 敲钟, 回响, 按铃

[1290]Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.

reorder (1) ['ri:'ɔ:dә] vt. 再订购, 重新安排 vi. 再订购, 重新排序 n. 再订购

[1291]At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.

accordingly (2)  [ә'kɔ:diŋli] adv. 因此, 从而
assignment (2)  [ә'sainmәnt] n. 分配, 委派, 任务, (课外)作业
efficient (4)  [i'fiʃәnt] adj. (直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的
personnel (2)  [ˏpә:sә'nel] n. 人员, 职员

[1292]And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.

prefer (2) [pri'fә:] vt. 更喜欢, 宁愿
promotional (2) [prәu'mәuʃәnәl] adj. 增进的, 奖励的

[1293]Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.

raw (1) [rɔ:] n. 生肉, 擦伤处, 身上的痛处 adj. 未加工的, 生疏的, 处于自然状态的, ,不掺水的, 擦掉皮的, 阴冷的, 刺痛的 vt. 擦伤

[1294]Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

electric (2)  [i'lektrik] adj. 电的, 导电的, 电动的, 电气
gas (2)  [gæs] n. 气体, 煤气, 毒气, 汽油, [矿]瓦斯 abbr. [军] Gunners Auxiliary-Sight, 炮长辅助瞄准镜
milk (2)  [milk] n. 乳, 牛奶 v. 挤(奶)
numerous (2)  ['nju:mәrәs] adj. 众多的, 许多的, 无数的

[1295]While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.

aware (2) [ә'wєә] adj. 知道的, 明白的, 意识到的
scenery (2) ['si:nәri] n. 风景, 景色

[1296]In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.

weakness (1) ['wi:knis] n. 虚弱, 软弱, 弱点, 缺点

[1297]Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.

denote (1) [di'nәut] vt. 指示, 表示
equality (2) [i(:)'kwɔliti] n. 等同性, 同等, 平等, 相等, 等式

[1298]Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.

disabled (1) [dis'eib(ә)ld] adj. 伤残的 v. 丧失能力

[1299]In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

instruction (2) [in'strʌkʃәn] n. 指示, 用法说明(书), 教育, 指导, 指令
modify (2) ['mɔdifai] vt. 更改, 修改 v. 修改

[1300]"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer.

arise (1) [ә'raiz] vi. 出现, 发生, 起因于
microbiologist (1)

[1301]He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."

sixty (2) ['siksti] num. 六十

[1302]For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent.

skin (1) [skin] n. 皮, 皮肤, 兽皮, 皮毛, 外皮, 外壳 v. 长皮

[1303]But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.

pancreas (1) ['pænkriәs, 'pæŋ-] n. [解]胰腺

[1304]The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.

inactive (2) [in'æktiv] adj. 无行动的, 不活动的, 停止的, 怠惰的 adj. 非活动的
oncogene (4) ['ɔnkәˏdʒi:n] n. 致癌基因

[1305]Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

cosmic (3)  ['kɔzmik] adj. 宇宙的
dormant (1)  ['dɔ:mәnt] adj. 睡眠状态的, 静止的, 隐匿的
radiation (1)  [ˏreidi'eiʃәn] n. 发散, 发光, 发热, 辐射, 放射, 放射线, 放射物
ray (3)  [rei] n. 光线, 闪烁, 微量 vi. 射出光线, 浮现, 放射光线 vt. 放射, 显出

[1306]If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.

cancerous (1) ['kænsәrәs] adj. 癌的
unable (1) ['ʌn'eibl] adj. 不能的, 不会的

[1307]The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.

exact (2)  [ig'zækt] adj. 精确的, 准确的, 原样的, 精密的, 严格 vt. 强求, 急需, 要求
likelihood (2)  ['laiklihud] n. 可能, 可能性
mysterious (2)  [mis'tiәriәs] adj. 神秘的

[1308]"Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward.

oncologist (1) 肿瘤学家

[1309]The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.

brighter (1)

[1310]If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."

counteract (1) [ˏkauntә'rækt] vt. 抵消, 中和, 阻碍

[1311]Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.

blinding (2) ['blaindiŋ] adj. 使眩目的, 使失去判断力的 n. 碎石子
untaught (2) ['ʌn'tɔ:t] adj. 没有受教育的, 没有学问的

[1312]Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.

cheese (2)  [tʃi:z] n. 干酪, <俚>头等的人或事物
legend (2)  ['ledʒәnd] n. 传说, 伟人传, 图例联想集团，中国最大的国有品牌微机制造商之一
mold (2)  [mәuld] n. 模子, 铸型 vt. 浇铸, 塑造
penicillin (2)  [ˏpeni'silinˏpә'ni-] n. [微]青霉素（一种抗菌素，音译名为盘尼西林）

[1313]He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery.

antibacterial (1) ['æntibæk'tiәriәl] adj. 抗菌的 n. 抗菌药

[1314]Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.

laborious (1) [lә'bɔ:riәs] adj. (指工作)艰苦的, 费力的, (指人)勤劳的

[1315]The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach.

innovator (5) ['inәuveitә(r)] n. 改革者, 革新者

[1316]Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.

practicable (1) ['præktikәbl] adj. 能实行的, 行得通的, 可以实行的

[1317]What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

abstraction (1) [æb'strækʃәn] n. 提取
fanciful (1) ['fænsiful] adj. 爱空想的, 奇怪的, 稀奇的, 想像的

[1318]"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.

realization (2) [ˏriәlai'zeiʃәn] n. 实现

[1319]This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"

bag (2)  [bæg] n. 袋子, 猎获物
convenient (2)  [kәn'vi:njәnt] adj. 便利的, 方便的
garbage (2)  ['gɑ:bidʒ] n. 垃圾, 废物
plastic (2)  ['plæstik, plɑ:stik] n. 塑胶, 可塑体, 塑料制品, 整形 adj. 塑胶的, 塑造的, 有可塑性的, 造形的, (外科)整形的
seemingly (2)  ['si:miŋli] adv. 表面上地
suitcase (2)  ['sju:tkeis] n. 手提箱, 衣箱

[1320]The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.

alternate (1)  [ɔ:l'tә:nit] adj. 交替的, 轮流的, 预备的 v. 交替, 轮流, 改变
bind (1)  [baind] v. 绑, 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束
challenging (1)  ['tʃælindʒiŋ] adj. 引起挑战性兴趣的, 挑逗的

[1321]Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

drummer (1) ['drʌmә] n. 鼓手, <美> 旅行推销员
march (1) [mɑ:tʃ] n. 行军, 步伐, 进行曲 vi. 进军, 前进 vt. 使行军, 使行进 n. (March)三月(略作Mar)

aefgijn · 发表于 2016-9-19 17:47:58

感谢分享,全部背下来,可以试试哦

845160886 · 发表于 2016-10-16 00:33:50

楼主辛苦了

lxchen2001 · 发表于 2016-12-4 12:03:03

LZ的句子能不能打个压缩包？复制下来很麻烦, 会并入很多乱码。

另外请教是根据什么规律取词的

fnaviwwo1 · 发表于 2016-12-4 17:20:32

本帖最后由 fnaviwwo1 于 2016-12-4 17:24 编辑

lxchen2001 发表于 2016-12-4 12:03
LZ的句子能不能打个压缩包？复制下来很麻烦, 会并入很多乱码。

另外请教是根据什么规律取词 ...

先抽的句子。
然后取词就是把每个单词第一次出现的位置标出来，出现什么词标什么词。

句子凭感觉抽的。
抽的时候如果一个句子中的单词都出现过，这个句子就排除。
所以会抽到什么句子完全看运气。

源文件放哪里了。。。

lxchen2001 · 发表于 2016-12-4 18:10:33

fnaviwwo1 发表于 2016-12-4 17:20
先抽的句子。
然后取词就是把每个单词第一次出现的位置标出来，出现什么词标什么词。

明白了。难怪最前的句子提出的单词多，后面的少。

lxchen2001 · 发表于 2016-12-4 18:40:49

没呢只是想理解一下思路

goldjay · 发表于 2017-1-5 13:36:03

有趣的词典，希望分享源文件，谢谢

haorenwolf · 发表于 2017-2-5 03:06:28

楼主有问题想问下不知道您是否还能看到？首先要感谢您对辛苦付出整理了这么多的资源第一：您对这些句子覆盖了大概多少词汇呢？第二您对这个是用软件还是自己凭借多年的英语水平呢第三：这个有没有原来的资源可以共享下呢谢谢您了

haorenwolf · 发表于 2017-2-5 03:15:42

为什么复制下来会有乱码呢

haorenwolf · 发表于 2017-2-6 16:09:40

haorenwolf 发表于 2017-2-5 03:06
楼主有问题想问下不知道您是否还能看到？首先要感谢您对辛苦付出整理了这么多的资源第一：您对这些 ...

您好。如果您愿意辛苦的话我会很愿意来收集材料包括单词和文章材料。另外您的这些句字打印的话会很不利阅读这里恳请您可以再编辑模式下复制下来做成word 或者其他方式。在这里也向您保证只为了学习绝不商用或其他营利活动感谢您对辛苦收集

haorenwolf · 发表于 2017-2-6 16:10:21

您好。如果您愿意辛苦的话我会很愿意来收集材料包括单词和文章材料。另外您的这些句字打印的话会很不利阅读这里恳请您可以再编辑模式下复制下来做成word 或者其他方式。在这里也向您保证只为了学习绝不商用或其他营利活动感谢您对辛苦收集

另外能告知下这个制作方法吗什么工具和语言呢

haorenwolf · 发表于 2017-2-7 01:38:46

您好先生见笑了我所谓的懂java只是目前学到面向对象还有很多没学习只是刚入门看一些特别简单的东西另外这个网页版本打印另存为pdf也是有乱码存在的您的帖子里的代码我水平太有限看不懂在学习很希望给早些入门能够有一个共同讨论的基础。还有您需要什么文章材料呢我这里可以来作为收集谢谢

haorenwolf · 发表于 2017-2-27 01:34:08

先生您好您的这个文件我已经把所有的乱码搞定了我做成了word 如果您需要的话我可以发给您的

Yyang. · 发表于 2017-5-7 19:08:19

haorenwolf 发表于 2017-2-27 01:34
先生您好您的这个文件我已经把所有的乱码搞定了我做成了word 如果您需要的话我可以发给您的

你好可不可以发一个给我

[email protected]
感谢！

shakafengwu · 发表于 2017-5-24 16:43:00

haorenwolf 发表于 2017-2-27 01:34
先生您好您的这个文件我已经把所有的乱码搞定了我做成了word 如果您需要的话我可以发给您的

请问您方便分享吗？打扰了

sheward · 发表于 2017-5-25 09:20:41

保存网页为HTML，用Emeditor打开，去除乱码即可，包括：
<span style="display:none"> . * </span>
<font class="jammer"> . * </font>

7ghostray · 发表于 2017-7-26 10:48:08

楼主，我直接将你的资料弄成了pdf，以供自学...虽然把整个页面和其他人的回复都制作进去了...我不会外扩的，你想看一下我弄得版本吗

一共400页，6M左右

7ghostray · 发表于 2017-7-26 10:53:46

之前是手机页面的版本400页，变成网页版，就142页，缩小了一些，3M大小，更清晰了白底

7ghostray · 发表于 2017-7-27 08:44:06

7ghostray 发表于 2017-7-26 10:53
之前是手机页面的版本400页，变成网页版，就142页，缩小了一些，3M大小，更清晰了白底

排版很清晰，可以随机复制..我发一个给你看下....托福的不需要了，谢谢啦

[英英] 原文提取，读句子记单词【kaoyan版】

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