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亚历山大的大作，与旋元佑句法为中心的思路吻合，光是前言对什么是高级语法的说明就让人终生享用不尽。
对高级语法没有概念的人请抽出宝贵的时间反复读此说明，保证受益匪浅。
电子书网上不难找，但上传到论坛就属于论坛的资源，对论坛应该还是有点帮助的。
Rationale: what is an ‘advanced level’?
There are two common misconceptions about the meaning of ‘advanced’, which have to be changed right away. the first is that students encounter ever more difficult structures which they have never met before, and the second is that there is a lot of ‘difficult vocabulary’. the first assumption is simply not true. structures do not exist in an ever-mounting spiral of increasing difficulty: the old, by now familiar, structures continue to be present at advanced levels. and it is true that there is or may be a lot of ‘difficult vocabulary’ at advanced levels, that itself does not constitute a difficulty which a competent dictionary cannot resolve.it is true that the way words are drawn to each other(collocation) is generally recognized to be a major feature of language acquisition and therefore a source of difficulty. students may not always be able to produce correct and sometimes idiomatic collocations, but they have less difficulty understanding them. the capacity for reception always exceeds the capacity for production.
There are four principal factors(other than mere lexis)which account for ‘difficulty’ at advanced levels: content, allusion, syntax, grammar points.
1 content
Advance texts assume an extensive ‘knowledge of the world’: the kind of knowledge individuals need to bring with them before they can decode the information in a piece of writing. for the purposes of this book, we have to assume reasonable ‘knowledge of the world’, otherwise learners would not be aspiring advanced students. the more specialized a text, the more difficult it is, and this applies to native speakers as much as it does to language students.it follows that highly specialized texts must be excluded from a book of this kind. texts drawn from a broad range of fields must reflect the same assumptions that are made by the editors of quality newspapers :namely, that their readers, regardless of their age ,are adult. texts must present the kind of English, both journalistic and general, which educated people, with a lively and intelligent awareness of the world around them, encounter on a more-or-less daily basis.
2 allusion
What writers allude to is connected with assumptions they make about their readers. so, for example, if a writer alludes to ‘the double helix’, he or she is assuming that the reader has encountered this concept before and therefore doesn’t need to have it explained. allusions may also be culture-bound, referring to aspects of life in the English-speaking world which might be obscure to the learner. a reference to, say, ’the old-boy network’ has implications for a native speaker which may mot be available to a learner.
3 syntax
What makes language difficult is not just words, but the way words are combined to make sentences: i.e. syntax. a sentence is a sum-total of words and this sum-total is greater than its parts. among the features of syntax that cause difficulty are: participle constructions, relative clauses, apposition, adverbial clauses, complementation after verbs, adjectives and nouns.it is common knowledge that after years of study, non-native learners may still have difficulty in coping with publications like Time Magazine, The Times and The economist and the ‘quality’ press, because they have never been trained to decode the(often relatively simple)structures that are combined syntactically into complex sentences. the key to comprehension at the advanced level is therefore the competent analysis of syntax. analyzing and synthesizing train students to understand what difficult language is all about.
4 grammar points
Familiar grammar points pose unusual problems because, all their learning lives, students have been given an over-simplified view of them. common rules, such as the use of the present progressive to describe actions and events in progress at the moment of speaking, must be extended to account for sentences like (People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days).advanced level material therefore requires a deeper understanding of grammatical structures and what they convey, as well as the elimination of persistent errors.
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发表于 2018-3-19 12:46:59
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