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本帖最后由 ~荆棘 于 2019-5-5 17:42 编辑
(1)She had always dreamed of writing a novel, but she never actually put pen to paper.
When we talk about finished events with words that mean 'at some/any time up to now' (like ever, before, never, yet, recently, lately, already), we normally use the present perfect.
Have you ever seen a ghost?
I'm sure we've met before.
We haven't seen Beth recently.
Could you clean the car? ~ I've already done it.
She's never said 'sorry' in her life.
Has the postman come yet?
In an informal style, simple past tenses are sometimes possible with always, ever and never when they refer to 'time up to now'.
I always knew I could trust you. (OR I've always known ... )
Did you ever see anything like that before? (OR Have you ever seen ... ?)
以上摘自Practical English Usage,供参考。
(2)The company has put production in a holding pattern [=has temporarily stopped production] while better testing methods are developed.
Some verbs refer to actions that produce a finished result. Examples are cut, build, pack, close. Other verbs do not: for example push, live, speak, hit, carry. The past participles of finished-result verbs, and some of their passive tenses, can have two meanings. They can refer to the action, or they can describe the result (rather like adjectives). Compare:
The theatre was closed by the police on the orders of the mayor. (refers to the action of closing)
When I got there I found that the theatre was closed. (refers to the state of being shut - the result of the action)
来源同上。则 be developed 不一定表示结果,也可以表示一个延续性的action,含义上和 being developed 差不多了。参考COCA例句一条:In Taiwan, the counseling profession has been developed for six decades and has evolved from its infant stage to become a certified and licensed profession. 这里的 be developed 显然也是过程而非结果。
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