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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2019-11-3 19:48 编辑
汉语里的「讽刺」本来是一个偏负面的词,现代汉语规范词典:
用比喻、夸张、反语等表达手法进行揭露、批评或嘲笑。
「讽」,现代汉语词典:
但是不知道为什么,好多英汉词典非要把「ironic」「irony」跟「讽」挂上钩(irony明明是「反话」!),搞得一系列相关词都莫名其妙。比如说吧:
牛津高阶双解(第四版):
牛津高阶(第9版):
He pulled a wry face when I asked him how it had gone.
我问他近况如何,他有些哭笑不得。
同一个短语,新版跟老版解释不一样,绝了吧?
更绝的还有这个呢,外研社新英汉词典:
奇了怪了,「做鬼脸」什么时候「表示不同意,又不愿公然反驳」啦???辞海:
故意装出一种怪相来吓人或哄人。徐学谟《归有园麈谈》:“乘势作威者,如大人装鬼脸以骇小儿,背地则收下。”
外研社新英汉词典据说是《三民最新簡明英漢》转成简体过来的,没有原书,就不深究了。
Chambers Dictionary 13th:
make or pull a wry face or mouth
To pucker up the face or mouth in reaction to a bitter or astringent taste, or to pain, or to express disgust or distaste
看见没,这么多情况都能说「pull a wry face」,「鬼脸」却只能对应「吓人」「哄人」(逗乐)的情况,可见「做鬼脸」根本不合适。
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wry 到底是什么意思呢?好多书都说本义是「歪」,至于衍生的意思,还得请教英英辞书:
SOED6+OTD:
Of the features, neck, etc.: turned to one side, contorted, distorted; spec. (of the face, a look, etc.) twisted or contorted as a manifestation of dislike, disgust, disappointment, or (now freq.) quiet or sardonic amusement. E16.
原来是脸啊、表情啊什么的皱一皱、动一动,表达苦;或者苦中有点乐、乐中有点苦的幽默 —— 后者现在用得越来越多了。
顺着这个思路,有的词典立两个义项,一个苦,一个有苦有乐:
American Heritage Dictionary 5th
1. Funny in an understated, sarcastic, or ironic way: —— 有苦有乐
a wry sense of humor.
2. Temporarily twisted in an expression of distaste or displeasure: —— 苦
made a wry face.
新牛津:
1. using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humour—— 有苦有乐
2. (of a person's face or features) twisted into an expression of disgust, disappointment, or annoyance —— 苦
Webster's Third New International Dictionary:
2
a. : twisted to express an emotion usually of disgust or displeasure —— 苦
< took another drink … making a wry face — Erskine Caldwell >
b. : made by a deliberate distortion of the facial muscles often to express irony or mockery—— 有苦有乐
< at the door he turned with a wry smile — Agnes S. Turnbull >
3. marked by perversity : contrary to what is considered right : wrongheaded —— 不苦不乐,只是倒错
< wondered how he had come to make such a wry thing of his life — Elizabeth Taylor >
韦3的解释是多么到位啊!
Chambers 21st Century
1 said eg of a smile: slightly mocking or bitter; ironic. —— 有苦有乐
2 said of a facial expression: with the features distorted or twisted into a grimace, in reaction to a bitter taste, etc.—— 苦
还有的词典只有一个义项,「有苦有乐」,苦的那一面不是特别重要就略去了:
Vocabulary.com Dictionary:
A wry sense of humor is a sarcastic one. You were late for work, stepped into a mud puddle, and you forgot your lunch. If your co-worker asks how your morning is going, you can reply with a wry tone, "Perfectly perfect."
The original use for the adjective wry was to describe something that was bent or twisted, so a sprained ankle could be described as "a wry ankle." Today, the word wry is often used to describe less tangible twists. Wry humor and wry wit both describe a sense of humor that is a little twisted from the norm.
Vocabulary.com 重点解释了今天流行的「幽默」「有苦有乐」这个意思。
最后咱看一下烂大街的Collins COBUILD:
1. If someone has a wry expression, it shows that they find a bad situation or a change in a situation slightly amusing.
2. A wry remark or piece of writing refers to a bad situation or a change in a situation in an amusing way.
烂大街的剑桥:
showing that you find a bad or difficult situation slightly funny
看看,Collins COBUILD、剑桥都能把「幽默」「有苦有乐」说清楚。下面来看看英汉词典:
英汉大词典:
2. (表示厌恶、乐趣等时的面部表情)面部扭曲的;露出怪相的
He tasted the mixture with a wry expression on his face.他尝了尝那合剂,脸上露出一副怪相。
Over the beer she made a wry face and said “Nasty!”她对啤酒做了一个鬼脸,说道“真难喝!”
6. 富于幽默感的;挖苦的;讽刺的
a wry joke笑话
a wry sense of humour冷嘲式幽默感
英汉大词典的义项太多了!只说第2、第6个。
第2个还行吧,「苦」「乐」两面都有,虽然不知道什么叫「表示……乐趣等时的面部表情」(??),不过好歹例句足够好。
第6个就奇怪了,joke 是笑话,「a wry joke」也是笑话吗?wry = 空?至于「幽默感」(正面词)怎么跟「挖苦讽刺』(负面词)搁在一起,大概读者心里也是稀里糊涂的。
文馨当代:
1. a(脸、表情等)有不悦之色的
•a wry look [expression]愁眉苦脸
•He had a wry grin on his face.他面带苦笑。
……
2.(言语、幽默等)讽刺的,讥嘲的
•a wry remark讽刺的话
文馨当代里面好像没有「乐」
韦氏高阶:
1 : humorous in a clever and often ironic way讽刺的;挖苦的
2 : showing both amusement and a feeling of being tired, annoyed, etc.啼笑皆非的
韦氏高阶说「啼笑皆非」,这个不坏。只是,第一个义项里面,原文明明说了humorous、clever,怎么翻译一下就只剩「讽刺挖苦」了?莫非英汉词典译者脑子里面的「讽刺」,是万能词?
牛津高阶9也是这个毛病:
amusing in a way that shows irony 挖苦的;讽刺的;揶揄的
……
a wry comment
挖苦的评论
「a wry comment」怎么就等于「挖苦的评论」了?amusing 的含义在哪里?辞海「挖苦」:用刻薄的话讽刺。《官场现形记》第四十七回:“施藩台晓得董钦差是挖苦他,把脸红了一阵。”
21世纪大英汉词典
wry
1.扭歪的;歪斜的
2.皱眉头的;(表示不满时)面部肌肉扭曲的;做出怪相的
3.坚持错误的,固执己见的
4.歪曲了的,曲解了的
5.讽刺的,挖苦的,辛辣的;作弄(人)的
21世纪大英汉 里面,凭空多了个「作弄人」,到底是苦是乐呢?反正就是不肯学习英英词典,老老实实把这个词的两个方面说清楚。
遠東英漢大辭典:
遠東英漢确实是一本神奇的词典,它把Webster's Third New International Dictionary里面「marked by perversity : contrary to what is considered right : wrongheaded —— 不苦不乐,只是倒错」这个意义的例句搬运、翻译了出来,可是,韦3区分「苦」「有苦有乐」的地方那么精彩,遠東英漢怎么不知道抄呢?
國際英漢大詞典(張芳杰):
抄抄抄,净不知道抄好的,呃……顺便,这里第4个义项,说wry laughs 是「嘲笑声」,不对。
新英汉词典:
1 扭歪的;歪斜的:
a wry nose歪鼻子
2 (表示厌恶、不满等)面部扭曲的:
a wry smile苦笑
make a wry face做鬼脸
英汉大词典里面还知道有「乐」的成分,新英汉就只剩「厌恶、不满」了,这是怎么回事呀?
21世紀電腦英漢漢英雙向辭典:
1 a. (一时) 不高兴的, 皱眉的, 扭歪的 < 脸、表情等>
a ~ look (略带滑稽的) 苦脸
a ~ smile (微微的) 苦笑
make a ~ face [mouth]
做鬼脸, 皱起面孔
(难吃、失望、厌恶等的表情)
这本挺奇妙,(一时)(略带滑稽的) (微微的) 都是妙笔,像是传达了「有苦有乐」的微妙之处,虽然并没明确说 ——这自然是原日作的功劳了
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