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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2019-11-28 01:16 编辑
allege和allegation,我也不知道是不是什么四六级词汇、考研词汇之类的。不过我相信,不管英语底子好不好,大家都有个感觉:allegation无非是allege的名词嘛。
新牛津:
allege:claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically without proof that this is the case
allegation:a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof
看!释义都是平行的,一个动词,一个名词而已。新牛津就这一个义项,大家伙可以舒一口气了。
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary:
allege
1. to assert without proof.
2. to declare with positiveness; affirm; assert: to allege a fact.
3. to declare before a court or elsewhere, as if under oath.
4. to plead in support of; offer as a reason or excuse.
5. Archaic. to cite or quote in confirmation. allegation
1. the act of alleging; affirmation.
2. an assertion made with little or no proof.
3. an assertion made by a party in a legal proceeding, which the party then undertakes to prove.
4. a statement offered as a plea, excuse, or justification.
兰登书屋韦氏真可怕,一上来就四个义项。不过稍稍看一下就知道,allege的义项1234对应allegation的义项2134,还是基本平行的!allege 的第五个意思是古义,咱就不管了。
韦氏高阶:
allege:to state without definite proof that someone has done something wrong or illegal
allegation:a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal
ESL词典通俗易懂人人爱,请看,两个释义还是平行的对吧?
再来一本ESL,麦克米兰:
allege:to say that something is true or that someone has done something wrong or illegal, even though this has not been proved
allegation:a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal even though this has not been proved
说不平行的一定是眼瞎。
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有爱查词典的童鞋要说了,这俩词释义不平行的词典也不少呢,怎么不见你搬出来说,偏心!
确实有不少英英词典,这俩词释义语言不平行,但我觉得主要是释义风格问题,不影响allegation跟allege一个名词、一个动词。
再看Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 6th:
allege:
1.Declare upon oath at a tribunal; bring forward as a legal ground or plea. obsolete exc. as passing into senses 2 and 4. ME.
2.Affirm, assert, esp. without proof. ME.
3.Cite, quote, (for or against). arch. LME.
4.Advance as an argument or excuse. LME.
allegation:
1. The action of making a charge before a legal tribunal; a charge so made. LME.
2.†An excuse, a plea, an alleged reason. LME–E17.
3.A claim or assertion of wrongdoing, esp. one made without proof. M16.
4.†The action of citing an author or document; a quotation. M16–L17.
allege 义项1234分别对应allegation义项1342,也是平行的!注意了,SOED说allege的第一个意思已经过时了,转向义项2、4。
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贴了这么多英文,跟英汉词典有什么关系呢?神奇的地方来了,不少英汉词典说「allege」是「断言,宣称」,「allegation」是「指控」,仿佛俩词儿八竿子打不着!!
为了保险起见,咱先看看《现代汉语词典》:
断言
duànyán
①动 十分肯定地说:
可以~,这种办法行不通。
②名 断语:
现在还不能下这样的~。 指控
zhǐkòng 动 指责和控告:
提出~|~他有受贿行为。
没说错吧?汉语里的「断言」跟「指控」绝对是两码事。别的不说,「指控」的意思里面,有「控告」呀!
下面看《新世纪英汉大词典》:
allege
1. (claim)[police, the prosecution, report, document +]断言;宣称;声称
2. LAW(cite)[police, the prosecution, lawsuit, charge +] [+ abuse, assault, discrimination, negligence]控告;指控
3. ARCHAIC(cite, quote)引用;引证
allegation
NOUN
1. (unproved statement)[of corruption, brutality]断言;指控
2. FORMAL(act of alleging)宣称;声称
在allege条下面,「断言」跟「宣称;声称」是一伙儿的,跟「指控」不是一家人,跑到allegation条下面,「断言」又跟「指控」亲热起来了,「宣称;声称」跑去单独成了家。
看了这样的译文,读者是不是很想打人、很想砸电视呢??当然,我晓得有的读者干脆放弃了治疗,认定这辈子学不会English了
牛津高阶9:
allege:to state sth as a fact but without giving proof (未提出证据)断言,指称,声称
allegation:a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal (无证据的)说法,指控
牛津高阶9的一个中文叫「断言,指称,声称」,一个中文叫「说法,指控」,实在不明白为什么
牛津高阶4:
allege:state (sth) as a fact but without proof; give as an argument or excuse (无证据地)陈述,宣称,声称(某事);辩解:
allegation:1. act of alleging 陈述;宣称;声称;辩解。2. statement made without proof (无证据的)陈词
你看,牛津高阶4里面,两个词的译文是一一对应的啊!
韦氏高阶:
allege(无确凿证据地)断言,宣称
allegation 指控
韦氏高阶的英文是平行的,汉译却截然不同,实在是……
朗文5:
allege 〔在未经证实下〕断言,宣称,声称;指控
allegation 〔无证据的〕陈述,说法;指控
还有一大波像朗文5这样的词典,硬是要把「断言」跟「指控」放在一起说,我想请问译者同学,你们的《现代汉语词典》都还给体育老师了吗?
还有一个终极boss,21世纪大英汉词典:
allege
vt.
1.(独断地)宣称,声称;(尤指无根据地)断言;(证据不足或未经证实地)硬说:
2.(作为抗辩、申诉、理由、借口、托辞、口实或论据等)提出;辩解:
3.古语 引用,引证(作品、作家等);引(例);(作为权威)引证(for或against)
allegation
1.宣称;声称;断言
2.(无证据或有待证实的)陈述;说法;无根据的断言;空言;托辞;推诿;(提不出证据的)辩解
3.法律 主张;辩护;申辩,申诉;抗辩;事实陈述
4.法律 (有待证实的)指控
妈妈呀!「宣称」跟「主张」有什么区别,「申辩」跟「辩解」有什么区别,「事实陈述」不就是「宣称」吗,感觉我要去考一个汉语888级才能搞懂这些了。
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其实allege和allegation的关系很简单,就是单纯的动词跟名词的关系,最常用的意义,直接照着ESL词典、新牛津给出的平行释义就行。
如果要做「大词典」,把古今意义都包进去,应该参考SOED,一家人整整齐齐收好,allege、allegation有几个意思是早已过时的,收进来,标明古义就行。
SOED的释义是平行的,为什么英汉词典非要一锅煮、大杂烩、拉郎配,自己说不清楚,就堆砌词汇,弄得读者一头雾水呢?
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谁来帮我考证一下,「断言」「指控」混在一起说,到底是哪本词典发明出来的。肯定不是《英汉大词典》——英汉大词典没有混在一起;也不是《远东英汉大》,台湾词典普遍不说「指控」。是谁呢?
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