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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2020-8-29 12:42 编辑
先说结论,「粮票」的英文可以有很多个,区别不大,英美人并不关心这些译名的高下。不过反正还是可以说说。
《现代汉语规范词典》第2版:
计划经济时期按定量发给城镇居民购买粮食及其制品的票证。
近现代汉语辞源说:
可见略微早于计划经济时代
新编国语日报:
「粮票」的重点有两个:1. 粮食不够了,所以要配给;2. 有粮票才能买粮食,没粮票,你用钱也不行。
coupon的一系列词是可以的,新牛津:
1.1 A detachable ticket entitling the holder to a ration of food, clothes, or other goods, especially in wartime.
Petrol, clothing, meat, sugar and other foods were rationed by coupons.
Taking ration coupons for gas and food down at the general store seemed like the most natural thing in the world.
The boys he was living with sold ration coupons, so food was always available.
最后一个例句有点意思,跟着卖粮票的人走不会饿
在繁荣年代,coupon的主要意思是「优惠券」,朗文当代:
a small piece of printed paper that gives you the right to pay less for something or get something free 优惠券,折价券;赠券
牛津高阶:
a small piece of printed paper that you can exchange for something or that gives you the right to buy something at a cheaper price than normal
这些ESL词典强调,手里拿coupon,要么打折,要么立减100%,这当然是繁荣年代的景象了。困难时期的意思还是看新牛津。
voucher的一系列词也可以,W3:
coupon 2g ; specifically : a coupon issued by government to a parent or guardian to be used to fund a child's education in either public or private school
跟coupon差不多,繁荣年代「优惠券」,困难时期另说。还能特指某些个券。
有的人用food stamp,朗文当代:
an official piece of paper that the US government gives to poor people so they can buy food 〔美国政府发给穷人的〕食物券,粮食券
21世纪大英汉词典:
food stamp [美国英语]食品券,粮票(政府发给或以低价卖给低收入者以维持最低生活标准)
food stamp不是很好,因为特指美国+穷人,跟「有粮票才能买粮食,没粮票,你用钱也不行」有点不搭。不过兴许饥饿的年代没人在乎。
喂鸡百科说「ration stamp」(又叫ration coupon or ration card),里面举了印度、美国、英国、波兰的例子。我看来看去,都觉得跟「粮票」没啥特别大的区别,大约是喂鸡百科条目分得有点怪。
food card 也能指「粮票」,新牛津:
food card
noun
A card indicating the amount of food allowed to the holder during times of rationing; (also) a card allowing the holder to buy food to the value specified on the card.
这词儿双解版没有,说明是新加上来的。OED也有,给了例句:
1896 Times 12 Mar. 13/3 The respondent..issued 500 food cards, but he placed them all in the hands of one man, Mr. Bouchard, and he was a member of the Radical Association.
1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 114 In the spring of 1920 there were only eight thousand adults in Petrograd who had not taken out food-cards, i.e. had not gone to work.
这词用得大概不广,不过横竖没错儿。
英华大词典(修订第三版)
food card
[coupon] 粮票,饭票。
英华大词典是少见的收了「food card」的,不过注释里头把「粮票」「饭票」放在一起说,略微不妥。
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上海话大词典「饭票」:
〈名〉预先购好,到时凭以在公共食堂领取主食的票据。
百度百科:
在战争时期,军队“饭票”由后勤保障系统统一发放。解放后,随着社会主义改造,由军队、生产队、工厂发放的职工饭票成为“大锅饭”的典型代表。
改革开放后,使用“饭票”的传统依然在军队、学校、幼儿园、国营企业、部分私营和外资企业等地沿用下来,是领取食品的有效凭证,帮助组织促进员工福利,餐饮业进行消费管理。
现代汉语规范词典:
(《现代汉语词典》「粮票」「饭票」都没收)
「饭票」的主要落脚点是内部食堂,跟「饥饿」「配给」没有直接关系,但是呢,内部食堂一般不能拿钱直接买,这又跟「粮票」有点相似之处,所以说coupon啊voucher啊大概也没什么不好。
傳世漢英寶庫:
♥ … dug into his pocket for 伸/深入袋中摸 his rice and vegetable coupons 飯票和菜票 as 在…時 he studied the menu pasted on the wall 仔細察看貼在牆上的菜單.
Nancy Ing & Howard Goldblatt: The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1978
饭票粮票偶尔有混着说的。
「饭票」的英文对译是meal ticket,朗文当代:
a card that you buy and then use to get meals at school or work, or at a special event〔学校﹑工作场所或特别活动中使用的〕饭票﹐餐券:
The meal ticket is $15 and includes three meals with beverages.餐券为15美元﹐包括三餐和饮料。
可是有的汉英词典,比如吴光华《汉英大词典》,ABC汉英,陆谷孙《中华汉英大词典(上)》,坚持说还有个「mess card」,是怎么回事呢?
原来mess有个意思,是「军人食堂」,新牛津:
a building or room in which members of the armed forces take their meals
军人食堂:
the sergeants' mess.
士官食堂。
军人食堂为什么能和机关内部食堂画等号?当然是因为北外汉英出版的文革年代的缘故:
在战争时期,军队“饭票”由后勤保障系统统一发放。解放后,随着社会主义改造,由军队、生产队、工厂发放的职工饭票成为“大锅饭”的典型代表。
然后【吴光华《汉英大词典》,ABC汉英,陆谷孙《中华汉英大词典(上)》】坚持抄袭、反复抄袭北外汉英不放松,就把这种文革尾巴留下来了。
这是何必呢?「mess card」没有一家英语词典收录,COCA语料库里出现频率为0,因为军人去食堂吃饭,顶多刷自己ID就行了嘛,单独发一个卡片是何苦呢?现实生活中没这事物当然也就没这说法了。
新世纪汉英、新时代汉英、CC-CEDICT至少动了脑,把「mess card」去掉了。
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