喂鸡百科上的用法有争议的英语词在中国教学中的处理

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 11:51:40

如题，我计划整理下，依据是Wikipedia上面的
List of English words with disputed usage
English usage controversies
Common English usage misconceptions
这几个词条。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:32:42

nauseous – Traditionally nauseous means "causing nausea" (synonymous with "nauseating"); it is commonly used now as a synonym for "queasy," that is, having the feeling of nausea. AHD4 notes the traditional view, stating that 72% of the Usage Panel preferred nauseated over nauseous to mean "affected with nausea"; however, 88% of that same panel preferred nauseating to nauseous to mean "causing nausea"; in other words, a maximum of only 28% prefers nauseous in either case. It also states that in common usage, nauseous is synonymous with nauseated.[99] M-W, however, asserts that "[t]hose who insist that nauseous ... is an error for nauseated are mistaken".[100] Both M-W and AHD4 accept that nauseous is supplanting nauseated for "feeling nausea", and in turn being replaced by nauseating for "causing nausea" in general usage; they only differ on the correctness of the change. RH states "The two literal senses of nauseous [...] appear in English at almost the same time in the early 17th century, and both senses are in standard use at the present time. Nauseous is more common than nauseated in the sense 'affected with nausea', despite recent objections by those who imagine the sense to be new."[101] CHAMBERS lists the sense of causing nausea first and affected with nausea second,[102] while COD11 gives the affliction first and causation second; both dictionaries list the entries without comment. OED goes further, tagging its "nauseated" usage as "Orig[inally] U.S.", but demoted its "nauseating" usage to "literary". OED also notes that the original (now obsolete) sense of the word in English was "inclined to sickness or nausea; squeamish".[103] Curiously, this oldest seventeenth-century meaning (inclined to nausea), while distinct from the disputed twentieth-century usage (afflicted by nausea), more closely resembles the latter than it does the prescribed meaning (causing nausea).

21世纪有点含糊：
nauseous ['nɔ:ziəs; -ʃi-]
adj.
恶心的，欲吐的
令人恶心的，使人想吐的
令人厌恶的；令人憎恶的
[口语]感到恶心的

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:16:43

anticipate – Although the expect sense is accepted by 87% of the Usage Panel, some prescriptivists insist that deal with in advance is the only correct use. Acceptance of the forestall sense has dropped to 57%.

21世纪都认可：
anticipate [æn'tisipeit]
vt.
盼望；预期，期望，期待：
We anticipated her winning first prize.

我们期望她获得第一名。

to anticipate a favorable decision

期望一个有利的决定

预料：
to anticipate pleasure

预料会愉快

I anticipated that he would be late.

我预料他会迟到。

使提前发生；使突然发生；加速；促使：
The bank staff anticipated his dismissal by stealing money.

那名银行职员因偷钱而遭提前开除。

抢在…的前面行动，比…先采取行动，先发制(人)；(以抢先行动来)防止，使无法施展：
to anticipate a military attack

以抢先行动防止军事进攻

to anticipate an opponent's blows

抢在对手打过来之前动手，使对手无所施其技

先于…前行动，抢…之先，占…之先，先人一着；早于别人做(或做成)，在…之前做(或取得)：
Many modern inventions were anticipated by Leonardo da Vinci.

列奥纳多达芬奇早于许多现代创作之前就创作成功了。

Did the Vikings anticipate Columbus in discovering America?

是北欧海盗在哥伦布之前就发现美洲的吗?

预先考虑并满足(需要、请求、希望等)，(想到别人可能提出的命令、要求等而)预先作好，未等待下达就执行(命令)；未等提出就回答(问题)：
She anticipated each of my orders.

未等下达她便执行我的每道命令。

to anticipate a request

预先考虑，并满足要求

过早地考虑(或提出)：
to anticipate more difficult questions

过早考虑较多困难问题

The author anticipated the question in a preceding chapter.

作者在前一章就预先考虑到这问题。

预为；预用，预先使用(或享受)，提前支用(钱财)，提前享受:
to anticipate a legacy

提前享用遗产

提前履行(义务)；提前偿还(债务)：
to anticipate the debt

提前还债

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 17:47:12

they – Originally the third person plural pronoun, but sometimes used with a singular meaning or with a singular antecedent. The word is also used, especially in speech and informal writing, as a non-gender-specific (which makes it inclusive to more genders than male or female), third-person singular pronoun (which modern English otherwise lacks). The "singular they" has been making inroads into formal writing; for example, it was adopted by the Washington Post in 2015 as permissible as a last resort,[120] though it remains substandard according to most style guides. One option is to use dual formulations (which do exclude other genders) such as he or she, he/she, or [s]he. Another option is to rewrite, either using they in a plural construction or avoiding a pronoun altogether. Traditionally, "generic he" was used to represent both male and female, but this usage is increasingly contested. The pronouns you and one can be used in some sentences, but the former is often considered too informal, and the latter stilted, depending on context.

21世纪的意见：
pron.
[所有格 their, 宾格them, 物主代词theirs]
[he， she和it 的复数]他们，她们；它们：
They are my students.

他们是我的学生。

They are not interested in this book.

他们对这本书不感兴趣。

(泛指)人们，人人，众人；一般人：
They say he is very clever.

人们说他很聪明。

[非规范用语；置于不确定的单数先行词后，代替 he或she]他；她：
Everyone helped and it was good that they did.

每个人都来帮忙，这样做是件好事。

[口语] 那些；那些人(= those)
adj.
[英国方言] 那些(=those)
[非规范用语] 他们的(=their)
adv.
[非规范用语] [与动词 to be 连用]有
更多收起结果
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》

实际教学中，似乎还是倾向于传统用法him/his，但似乎也有了一点改变。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 11:54:45

aggravate

Some have argued that this word should not be used in the sense of "to annoy" or "to oppress", but only to mean "to make worse".

21世纪认可这个义项：
[口语]激怒，触怒；使恼火：
Don't aggravate me, child!

孩子，别把我惹火了!

Her questions aggravate him.

她的问题激怒了他。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 11:55:58

ain't

21世纪收录。
实际教学中似乎避免这个词。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 11:57:14

alibi

Some argue this cannot be used in the non-legal sense of "an explanation or excuse to avoid blame or justify action."

21世纪认可：

alibi ['ælibai]
n.
【法律】(被告)不在犯罪现场(的申辩、事实或证据)
[美国口语]借口，口实，托辞
vi.
[美国口语]辩解，找借口，找托辞开脱，托辞闪避：
[美国口语]辩解，找借口，找托辞开脱，托辞闪避：
to alibi for being defeated

为失败辩解

vt.
为…辩解，为…找托辞开脱，为…找借口；为…作不在犯罪现场的证词：
为…辩解，为…找托辞开脱，为…找借口；为…作不在犯罪现场的证词：
The lazybones always alibied themselves out of work.

懒汉总是找借口逃避工作。

adv.
不在犯罪现场

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 11:59:18

alright

21世纪这么说：
alright [ɔ:l'rait]
adv.,adj. 的不同拼法[此词被认为是非规范拼法，但现已被普遍使用于日常口语、文学作品的人物对话、广告、漫画等非正式语体中]

实际教学中回避这个词。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:01:06

also – Some contend this word should not be used to begin a sentence.

似乎国内没有这条。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:01:59

alternate – In British English this adjective means, according to OED and other sources, one after the other or similar. It does not mean the same as alternative (see next), which OED specifically marks as an American meaning of alternate.

21世纪收录：
adj.
轮流的；交替(发生)的；更迭的；相间的
间隔的；交错的
预备的，候补的；供替代的，供替换的；供选择的
相互的
作为旧风俗习惯(或价值观、思想观念等)的替代物的，替代性的(= alternative)
【植物学】
互生的；交互的
在他部之间隔距设置的

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:03:41

a.m./p.m. – These are abbreviations for the Latin adverbial phrases ante meridiem ("before noon") and post meridiem ("after noon"). Some argue that they thus should not be used in English as nouns meaning "morning" and "afternoon"; however, such use is consistent with ordinary nominalization features of English. AHD4 lists adjectival usage with "an A.M. appointment" [19] and "a P.M. appointment".[20] RH gives "Shall we meet Saturday a.m.?"[19] without comment. Also, the National Institute of Standards and Technology contends it is incorrect to use 12 a.m. or 12 p.m. to mean either noon or midnight.

这一条得到了比较严格的遵守，我似乎没见过12 a.m.或者12 p.m.的

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:04:23

amidst – Some speakers feel it is an obsolete form of amid. Amidst is more common in British English than American English, though it is used to some degree in both.

21世纪收录，不标obsolete。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:06:43

amongst – Some speakers feel it is an obsolete form of among. "Amongst" is more common in British English than American English, though it is used to some degree in both.

21世纪这么说：
prep. [主英国英语]=among

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:08:15

among/amongst and between – The traditionalist view is that between should only be used when there are only two objects (or people) for comparison; and among or amongst should be used for more than two objects (or people). Most style guides and dictionaries do not support this advice, saying that between can be used to refer to something that is in the time, space or interval that separates more than two items. M-W says that the idea that between can be used only of two items is "persistent but unfounded"[25] and AHD4 calls it a "widely repeated but unjustified tradition".[26] The OED says "In all senses, between has been, from its earliest appearance, extended to more than two".[27] Chambers says "It is acceptable to use between with reference to more than two people or things", although does state that among may be more appropriate in some circumstances.[28]

这一条规定得到了相当严格的遵守，略有不同的是，“假使涉及两者以上彼此之间的关系时,有时也可用 between”。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:11:33

amount – Some argue amount should not be substituted for number. They recommend the use of number if the thing referred to is countable and amount only if it is uncountable. While RH acknowledges the "traditional distinction between amount and number, it mentions that "[a]lthough objected to, the use of amount instead of number with countable nouns occurs in both speech and writing, especially when the noun can be considered as a unit or group (the amount of people present; the amount of weapons) or when it refers to money (the amount of dollars paid; the amount of pennies in the till).

这一条，似乎也有些遵守，不过似乎没那么严格。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:13:32

and – Some argue that sentences should not begin with the word and on the argument that as a conjunction it should only join clauses within a sentence. AHD4 states that this stricture "has been ridiculed by grammarians for decades, and ... ignored by writers from Shakespeare to Joyce Carol Oates."[30] RH states "Both and and but, and to a lesser extent or and so, are common as transitional words at the beginnings of sentences in all types of speech and writing"; it goes on to suggest that opposition to this usage "... probably stems from the overuse of such sentences by inexperienced writers."[31] ENCARTA opines that said opposition comes from "too literal an understanding of the 'joining' function of conjunctions", and states that any overuse is a matter of poor style, not grammatical correctness.[32] COED calls the usage "quite acceptable".[33] Many verses of the King James Bible begin with and (though this could be regarded as a Hebraism), as does William Blake's poem And did those feet in ancient time (a.k.a. Jerusalem). Fowler's Modern English Usage defends this use of and. Chambers states that "Although it is sometimes regarded as poor style, it is not ungrammatical to begin a sentence with and."[34] See also also (above) and but (below).

这一条，遵守程度还算比较高的，但也似乎没有明文禁止。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:18:31

anxious – Some argue that this word should only be used in the sense of "worried" or "worrisome" (compare "anxiety"), but it has been used in the sense of "eager" for "over 250 years"

21世纪收录，实际中应该也没人遵守。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:21:11

barbaric and barbarous – Barbaric applies to the culture of barbarians and may be positive ("barbaric splendor"); barbarous applies to the stereotypical behavior of barbarians and is negative ("barbarous cruelty"). This is standard English usage. However, M-W equates the third meaning of "barbaric" with the third of "barbarous", that is, "mercilessly harsh or cruel";[41] COD11 and Chambers list "savagely cruel" and "cruel and brutal; excessively harsh or vicious",[42] respectively, as the first meanings for "barbaric". Only AHD4 disallows this usage, and without comment.

21世纪认可。
有趣的是oed好像没收barbaric的这个意思。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:26:30

begging the question – In logic, begging the question is another term for petitio principii or arguing in a circle, in other words making assumptions in advance about the very issue in dispute. It could also be understood as "beggaring the question", i.e. making a beggar of the question.
It is now often used to mean simply "raising the question" or "leading to the question". The latter usage does not match the usual pattern (e.g. "begging for money", "begging for mercy"), which would suggest "begging for the question".

这一条被遵守得比较严格，毕竟beg the question也算成语了。

klwo2 · 发表于 2020-10-31 12:33:11

虽说插楼不太好，不过我关心一个事儿：你为啥只看21世纪？

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 17:45:02

klwo2 发表于 2020-10-31 12:33
虽说插楼不太好，不过我关心一个事儿：你为啥只看21世纪？

因为21世纪义项特别全，某种意义上和oed有得一拼。

klwo2 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:02:00

共同研习发表于 2020-10-31 17:45
因为21世纪义项特别全，某种意义上和oed有得一拼。

问题是21世纪跟「教学」关系不大啊

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:27:19

klwo2 发表于 2020-10-31 18:02
问题是21世纪跟「教学」关系不大啊

那也没啥可参考了，喂鸡上列的这些词有得太冷僻，考试又不考，你觉得我应该参考啥呢？

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:30:01

but – Some argue that if and should not be used to begin sentences, then neither should but. These words are both conjunctions; thus, they believe that they should be used only to link clauses within a sentence. AHD4 states that "it may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style."

这一个和and类似，但与and不同，似乎相比较而言，有意不把and放在句首的比有意不把but放在句首的要多得多。另外merriam-webster给but多了一个副词义项，=on the contrary，它还不一定是连词呢。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:33:46

can and may – Some argue that can refers to possibility and may refers to permission, and insist on maintaining this distinction, although usage of can to refer to permission is pervasive in spoken and very frequent in written English.

中国的英语教学完全认可，词典上有，课本上也不把这条提出来，只是说can和may的庄重程度不同而已。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:44:02

comprise – Comprise means "to consist of". A second meaning, "to compose or constitute", as in "comprised of", is sometimes attacked by usage writers. However, it is supported as sense 3 along with a usage note in M-W.[51] AHD5 notes: "Our surveys show that opposition to this usage has abated but has not disappeared. In the 1960s, 53 percent of the Usage Panel found this usage unacceptable; by 1996, the proportion objecting had declined to 35 percent; and by 2011, it had fallen a bit more, to 32 percent."[52] Collins gives a usage note: "The use of of after comprise should be avoided: the library comprises (not comprises of) 500 000 books and manuscripts".[53] Some usage writers further say to use comprise only for exhaustive inclusion. Reuters suggests: "Use only when listing all the component parts of a whole".

21世纪认可：
comprise [kəm'praiz]
vt.
包括，包含：
The committee comprises men of widely different views.

该委员会包括了具有各种不同意见的人。

由…组成：
Their country is comprised of 50 states.

他们的国家是由50个州组成的。

形成，构成：
Women comprise 51 percent of the population of France.

妇女构成了法国人口的51%。

近义词:
include

短语:
be comprised of
由…组成

但是，comprise表示所谓列举出所有部分，这个我还不知道例外，似乎是遵循的。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:47:01

contact – First used in the 1920s as a transitive verb meaning "to get into contact or in touch with (a person)", AHD5 notes that its usefulness and popularity have worn down resistance.

这词的动词用法教学中绝对认可，教材中也有，21世纪也有。

[语言讨论] 喂鸡百科上的用法有争议的英语词在中国教学中的处理