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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2020-11-2 10:35 编辑
义项之间傻傻分不清是《英汉大词典》及其小弟弟小妹妹的通病。
先说《英汉大词典》（以下均只列及物动词）：
1. 使压缩；使凝聚，使凝结
2. 聚集(光线)
Light is condensed by means of lenses. 光线通过透镜聚集。
3. 使缩短；缩写；使简洁
condense a speech (manuscript) to half its original length 把演说(稿子)压缩为原长度的一半
Three months of meetings were condensed into just over an hour. 本来要开3个月的会议被压缩为1小时多一点。
The passage is condensed from the Atlantic Monthly. 此段根据《大西洋月刊》中的一文缩写。
4. 使冷凝
The drop in temperature condensed the steam to water. 温度下降使蒸汽凝成了水。
5. 化 使聚合；使缩合
《英汉大词典》这条其实还算好的了，至少1、4、5义项没有用重复的字眼。但是读者应该也没明白1、4、5义项有啥区别。
在这个条目上，《英汉大词典》是抄的World Book Dictionary：
transitive verb
1. to make denser or more compact.
2. to increase the strength of; concentrate:
Light is condensed by means of lenses.
3. Figurative. to put into fewer words; say briefly:
A long story can sometimes be condensed into a few sentences.
4. to change (a gas or vapor) to a liquid.
5. Chemistry. to cause to undergo condensation:
Milk is condensed by removing much of the water from it.
5个义项和World Book Dictionary完全匹配。 因为World Book Dictionary没有给1、4配例子，所以《英汉大词典》没给1、5配例子，没有例子，读者自然更不明白这些义项有啥区别了。
再找本英英词典，这三个义项的区别是很清楚的。比如我这里找AHD：
1.
a. To make more dense or compact: gravity condensing matter into stars.
b. To concentrate (a substance), especially by removing water.
2. To make more concise; abridge or shorten: condensed the list of guests.
3. To cause (a gas or vapor) to change to a liquid.
义项1:跟化学无关的「压缩」
义项2:液体变液体，液体更浓，比如牛奶
义项3:气体变液体
ESL词典里，这三种的区别也是明显的，牛津高阶4就说得很清楚。
至于为什么21世纪傻傻分不清，首先，21世纪受《英汉大词典》影响很深，《英汉大词典》就没表达清楚嘛。
其次，有些英英词典也是太精简了一点，不容易看出来：
Concise Oxford Dictionary 9th：
condense /kənˈdɛns/ v.
1 tr. make denser or more concentrated.
2 tr. express in fewer words; make concise.
3 tr. & intr. reduce or be reduced from a gas or vapour to a liquid (or occasionally a solid).
COD没有例句。
结果就是21世纪把应该匹配义项3的例句放到了义项1那里。
像《英汉大词典》《21世纪大英汉词典》这种辞书，不管编者主观上多么希望参考多家词典汲取养分，实际上都是做不好的，因为翻纸书都要累死人，偶尔还不如单一来源的ESL双解 |
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发表于 2020-11-1 23:17:25
